Table of Content

28 February 2010, Volume 18 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Strategy Process： A Decision-Based Mathematical Model NI De-bing, DAI Chun-ai, TANG Xiao-wo 2010, 18 (1):  1-8.  Abstract ( 2555 )   PDF (809KB) ( 1335 )   Save Based on a standard model of strategic management,this paper interprets the strategy process as a process of the evolution of strategy states,where any change is caused by strategic decisions and exogenous stochastic disturbances,and employs the dynamic programming technique to model strategic decisionmaking rationality.The results show that the employment of dynamic programming can not only determine the value (competitive advantage) of a given strategy state,the corresponding sequence of optimal strategy-formulation,and the strategy-implementation decisions,but also identify the effects of the information revelation in a strategy process on a firm's (or an organization's) value (competitive advantage).These results,to some dgree,logically consistently support the design and planning schools in strategic management,both of which base their findings on rational decision-making. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Empirical Study on Factors Affecting Estimation Results of Term Structure of Interest Rate Model DAI Guo-qiang, LI Liang-song 2010, 18 (1):  9-17.  Abstract ( 2480 )   PDF (1559KB) ( 1767 )   Save The paper classif the term structure of interest rate models into four categories and summarizes the estimation methods for interest rate models.The paper uses interest rate data of China and USA to demonstrate that the weak efficiency of interest rate market,and that estimation methods and numerical optimization methods affect the estimation results.Empirical results indicate that the new estimation method,which takes advantage of all information in all market interest rates data,can get the more accurate parameters and eliminate arbitrage in interest rate market.It also indicates that genetic method is not very stable;nelder-mead method is sensitive to initial value of these parameters and,divided rectangles method can get the most robust estimation results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrating Credit, Market and Operational Risk Based on Risk Correlation LI Jian-ping, FENG Ji-chuang, SONG Hao, CAI Chen 2010, 18 (1):  18-25.  Abstract ( 2535 )   PDF (1321KB) ( 1891 )   Save The correlations among the credit,market and operational risk significantly influence the integrated risk.This paper proposes a model to integrate credit,market and operational risk considering correlation.The integrated risk is computed by Copula function and Monte Carlo simulation.The diversification benefit and the overall risk variation from different copulas are explored.At last,the empirical results base on an accepted literature data show,this proposed model can describe the risk correlation well,and the VaR of this model is smaller than that of simply adding up the three different risks.This paper presents a unique way for the commercial banks to evaluate integrated risks and improve the financial utilization. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Evaluation on Allocation Performance of Regional Fiscal Support to Agriculture Since from the Chinese Reform of Tax Distribution System:From Prospect of Grade WANG Sheng 2010, 18 (1):  26-32.  Abstract ( 2321 )   PDF (745KB) ( 1293 )   Save Based on the theoretical framework to evaluate the performance,this paper analyzes the allocation performance of regional fiscal support to agriculture,from 1993 to 2007,with the method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).The VRS technical efficiency of regional fiscal support to agriculture shows that the DMU Zhejiang,Jiangsu and Henan are always at the frontier andfully efficiencty,while the DMU .Inter Mongolia,Yunnan,Shaanxi,Ningxia,Xinjiang,Shanxi and Heilongjiang are far from the frontier and inefficient.Regionally,the efficiency of western region is lower than that of the eastern,middle and national average level.The Malmquist Index shows that the allocation performance of regional fiscal support to agriculture improved in an overall level.The paper proves that the degree of urbanization is an important exogenous factor which impacts the efficiency of regional fiscal support to agriculture in every regio n,and has the biggest contribution to Middle area.The investment in fixed assets of rural households,the level of agricultural mechanization and the education period of rural labors also have significant effects on the efficiency of some particular area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Economic Meaning of Eigenvalue of the Direct Consumption Coefficient Matrix XU Da-ju, YIN Jin-sheng, LI Ai-qing, LIU Ji-xiao, ZHOU Ling-li 2010, 18 (1):  33-38.  Abstract ( 2853 )   PDF (646KB) ( 2322 )   Save Based on Input-Output Analysis put forward by Leontief,and Positive Eigenvector Method put forward by Hua Luogeng,it has been researched on the eigenvalues of the direct consumption coefficient matrix.According to the real data on consumption coefficient of China,the eigenvalues of the matrices have two regular characteristics.By open Hua's model added consumption,the economic meaning of biggest eigenvalue is that,it is a boundary which the gross input coefficient must be bigger than it,in order to make sure economy growth year after year.From the year 1987 to 2007,one reason for the Chinese economy growth is the increase of the gross input coefficient gradually. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Mathematical Model of the Overconfidence Psychology in the Futures Market WANG Shu-ping, KUANG Xiong, WU Zhen-Xin 2010, 18 (1):  39-45.  Abstract ( 2338 )   PDF (1104KB) ( 1346 )   Save The overconfidence psychology is one of the unreasonable psychologies existing in the financial market,which has important influence on the prices of the financial products.Combining with the characteristics of the futures market,this paper establishes a mathematical model of the influence of the overconfidence on the futures market price.Through the model,we deduce some of the conclusions that overconfidence will result in more trade volume of the speculators and arbitrageurs who contain overconfidence psychology;the extent of overconfidence between speculators and arbitrageurs will influence the trend of the mean of equilibrium futures price;and overconfidence psychology can weaken the fluctuation of the futures price caused by noise traders.At last,the method of simulation is employed to verify the conclusions above. Related Articles | Metrics

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Utility Malmquist Index and Listed Thermal Power Corporations Empirical Analysis XIE Bai-chen, DU Gang 2010, 18 (1):  46-51.  Abstract ( 2305 )   PDF (751KB) ( 1131 )   Save This paper develop a utility Malmquistproductivityindex basedon distance function.The index,which is defined in terms of maximizing expected utility rather than output,is decomposed into:technical efficiency change,technical change,allocative efficiency change and outside system effect.This method is suitable for oligopolistic industry or public goods sectors whose decision needs to integrate economic and social factors.Finally,the paper gives an empirical analysis by evaluating the listed coal electricity corporations from 2006 to 2007.The results indicates that the utility approach fits more close to the practice than the input approach,and can give more reasonable economic explanation. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Asymmetrical Duopoly Investment Game Model Based on Exit Option GONG Li, GUO Ju-e, ZHANG Guo-xing 2010, 18 (1):  52-57.  Abstract ( 2280 )   PDF (808KB) ( 1135 )   Save In the project investment decision-making process,investors have the right not only to enter the project but also to withdraw from the project.We assume that the project investment and the operating costs are asymmetric,propose a more practical investment model of asymmetric duopoly game model with exit,and give the optimal conversion point.We analyze the impact of operating costs,price volatility,the level of monopoly advantages,exit costs and other factors on the conversion points. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pricing Strategies for Fresh Products with Multiple Quality Levels Based on Customer Choice Behavior XIAO Yong-bo, WU Peng, WANG Ya-lan 2010, 18 (1):  58-65.  Abstract ( 2301 )   PDF (756KB) ( 1721 )   Save Motivated by the common practice that retailers usually divide fresh products,which may decay and/or deteriorate during the distribution process,into different quality levels and sell them in a separate way,this paper studies the optimal selling strategies for a retailer of fresh products.Specifically,we consider a scenario in which there are two quality levels of fresh products.Based on the customer's choice behavior between them,the optimal pricing decision for the low-level products is investigated.Moreover,a mixed selling strategy,where the high-level and low-level products are sold as an admixture,is compared with the separate selling strategy.Our research shows that,the revenue improvement of the separate selling strategy (over the mixed strategy) could be rather significant,especially when the demand rate is low and/or the product supply is sufficient. Related Articles | Metrics

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Supply Chain Coordination with Demand Disruptions Under the Control of Virtual-Third Party ZHANG Huan, WANG Xian-yu 2010, 18 (1):  66-71.  Abstract ( 2134 )   PDF (632KB) ( 1215 )   Save In order to improve supply chain efficiency,this paper analyses the supply chain,consisting of only one supplier andone retailer,with the control of virtual-third party.The virtual-thirdpartyplays the role of centralized control.We pay our attention to analyse,when the demand changes suddenly,how the supply chain reacts.At last we find that,the sudden change of demand does not impact the distribution,but the price will increase or decrease with the different degree of the change. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Technological Innovation Game Model in Firms of Supply Chain in Clusters CAI You-hua, CHEN Guo-hong, XIANG Xiao-dong 2010, 18 (1):  72-77.  Abstract ( 2173 )   PDF (633KB) ( 1423 )   Save The network organization of supply chain in clusters provides an important way for organizadons' technology innovation cooperation.It also promotes technology innovation open.This paper analyses the strategy and the profit level of duopoly R&D cooperation and non-cooperative R &D based on a model with one core enterprise and one upstream supplier.The result indicates that increasing investment will increase the competitiveness in the market.The profit of each supply of duopoly R&D cooperation is obviously higher than that of non-cooperative R &D.For duopoly R&D cooperation,each supply chain shall be based on the short-term and the long-term strategic goals to make different decisions. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on the Multi-Source Replenishment Model and Coordination Lot Size Decision-Making Based on Supply-Hub GUI Hua-ming, MA Shi-hua 2010, 18 (1):  78-82.  Abstract ( 4604 )   PDF (615KB) ( 1129 )   Save Considering a system with multi-suppliers and a manufacturer,the lot size models of both respective replenishment and cycle replenishment from suppliers in the situation of supply-hub are presented.The analytical result shows that,when the freight cost of unit spare parts is sensitive to the volume of carrier,the cycle replenishment along milk road from suppliers is superior to the respective replenishment from suppliers.However,when the freight cost of unit spare parts is rigid to the volume of carrier,it is vice versa.Moreover,the difference of demandfor different spare parts has impact on the choice of replenishment methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Supply Chain Contract Coordination Model in Demand Forecast Update Conditions with Asymmetry Information CHEN Jin-liang, SONG Hua, XU Yu 2010, 18 (1):  83-89.  Abstract ( 2385 )   PDF (813KB) ( 1637 )   Save In the plan model of demandforecast update conditions,asymmetry information and double marginalization are still key problems influencing the relationship between the supplier and retailer.Based on the newsboy model and Bayesian analysis,supply chain system in demand forecast update conditions with asymmetry is described in order to analyze the asymmetry information and double marginalization.Then,the minimal order proportion contract based on the incentive principle of agent theory is designed to incent the retailer to share private information so that asymmetry information can be reduced,and compensating contract is designed to solve the problem of low efficiency of double marginalization.Finally,based on the operational data of supply chain constituted by Baijia company andfaw-volkswagen company,the parameters of the two contracts are calculated so that the validity of the two contracts can be verified further. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Three Echelon Supply Chain Coordination Contract under the Downside-risk Measurement SHI Cheng-dong, CHEN Ju-hong 2010, 18 (1):  90-94.  Abstract ( 2346 )   PDF (563KB) ( 1286 )   Save Under the background of three-echelon supply chain,in which the manufacturer is risk-neutral,the distributor and the retailer are downside-risk,the impact of risk aversion is studied.It is found that the supply chain isaot coordinated under the downside-risk measurement.By using of the method of supply chain coordination,a risk-sharing contract composed of return policy,revenue sharing contract,and buyback contract is designed.The contract can not only offer the desired downside-risk protection to the distributor and the retailer,but also provide more profits to the agents and accomplish channel coordination.Finally,through a numerical example,the effectiveness and feasibility of the risk-sharing contract is verified. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on Project Duration Coordination and Optimization of Construction Supply Chain Based on Bonus-Penalty Mechanism SU Ju-ning, JIANG Chang-sheng, LIU Chen-guang, CHEN Ju-hong 2010, 18 (1):  95-101.  Abstract ( 2457 )   PDF (932KB) ( 1952 )   Save In order to study the coordination and optimization of project duration in the two-level construction supply chain,which is constituted by the owner and the contractor,the op ti mizatio n mo del of traditional time-cost trade-off is built based on Activity-on-Arc network firstly.Aiming to the defects of traditional project duration optimization model,the dynamic project duration optimization model with fixed-resource-constrained is formed by considering the time value of capital.The mathematic model of project duration coordination and optimization in construction supply chain,is further proposed by considering the decision interaction between the owner and the contractor in the viewpoint of the whole supply chain,which is based on flexible-resource-constrained and bonus-penalty mechanism,considering the time value of capital.In addition,the solution algorithm of each model is given.Finally,the models are illustrated by an example.The results show that the outcomes of the traditional project duration optimization model are hard to be achieved in dynamic project duration optimization model,while it can be improved in the proposed model with bonus-penalty incentive.The proposed model can actualize the optimization of project duration coordination and Pareto improvement of construction supply chain as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Second Degree Price Discrimination with Network Externality under Nonlinear Demand Function GONG Yong-hua, LI Bang-yi 2010, 18 (1):  102-106.  Abstract ( 2430 )   PDF (195KB) ( 1051 )   Save Strategy of second degree price discrimination is studied in the market with network externality and nonlinear demand function,through different charge according to different segment of the demand curve.Firstly,the static pricing strategy by second degree price discrimination is studied in one stage.Then,the dynamic pricing strategy by second degree price discrimination is studied in two stages under the monopoly's maximal profit.It is shown that the optimal segment of the demand curve is not affected by network externality,but the price will be improved according to the higher growth of network externality,and the price in the first stage is higher than the discounted present value of the price in the second stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Network Effect and Research on Technology Licensing Strategies in Oligopoly ZHAO Dan, WANG Zong-jun 2010, 18 (1):  107-112.  Abstract ( 2421 )   PDF (556KB) ( 1231 )   Save This paper considers a network product oligopolistic market made up of an incumbent licensor and a number of enterprises,and analyzes the optimal number of licenses in fixed-fee licensing by the incumbent when the products are of network effects.We show that whether to license and to sole-licensing or multi-licensing depend on intensity of network effect,market capacity,market concentration and R &D efficiency.When the market is rather small,the incumbent will be a monopolist.When the market is large sufficiently,it's always optimal to license.If the intensity of network is very small,no matter how the market concentration,multi-licensing dominates sole-licen sing.If the intensity of network is moderate,the incumbent licensor will license all the enterprises in the market.If the intensity of network is rather large,when the market concentration is relatively large,it is superior to multi-licensing than sole-licensing;when the market concentration is small,then whether to sole-licensing or multi-licensing depends on the number of licenses.Meanwhile,when the incumbent licensor can't make price discrimination,the optimal fixed fee reduces as the overall R&D efficiency by licensees and the number of licenses by licensor increases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Multi-unit Multi-attribute Reverse Auctions with Variable Marginal Costs for Suppliers YAO Sheng-bao 2010, 18 (1):  113-119.  Abstract ( 2364 )   PDF (815KB) ( 1310 )   Save Multi-unit multi-attribute reverse auctions with variable marginal costs for suppliers are studied in this article.Firstly,an iterative auction mechanism is proposed according to the characteristic of variable marginal costs.Secondly,bidding strategies for the suppliers in the proposed mechanism are analyzed based on the assumption of the myopic best response strategies.Thirdly,the simulation experiments are conducted to study the effects of the valuation information,which is declared by the buyer on the auction.Results from numerical experiments show that,the mechanism achieves market efficiency in most instances.Compared to the auction mechanism in which the buyer's valuation information is not declared,the mechanism convergences fast but has lower market efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study on Profit-Sharing Mechanism in Team Production DAI Jian-sheng, MENG Wei-dong 2010, 18 (1):  120-127.  Abstract ( 2451 )   PDF (869KB) ( 1475 )   Save By principal-agent theory and bargaining theory,this paper investigates mutually incentive problems in team production.It shows that an independent work team confronts mutually incentive problems,and there exists mutual principal-agent relationships among team members.By introducing profit-sharing mechanism among team members,it can effectively stimulate team members to make great efforts to overcome moral risk in joint production and to realize constrained Paretian optimal.The mutually incentive model is constructed innovatively in this paper.There is important meaning,theoretically and practically,to instruct profit-sharing in joint production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Model of Grey Periodic Incidence Judged on Slope DU Hong-yun, SHI Hong-xing, LIU Si-feng, FANG Zhi-geng 2010, 18 (1):  128-132.  Abstract ( 2346 )   PDF (480KB) ( 1203 )   Save Grey incidence model determines the closeness degree from the closeness and similarity of statistical sequence's geometrical form.Traditional grey incidence model calculates statistical sequence's correlation degree from the perspectives of its acreage,slop e,changing velocity,etc.These incidence models have dual influences exerted by horizontal and vertical coordinates.Subsequently,inference of other factors occurs,when we analyze the relationship between statistical sequence's individual factors.To overcome this limitation,the paper proposes the degree of grey periodic incidence judged by slope,according to the winding situations of two curves,and judging wave period of the curve by calculating the slope of every polygonal line.The calculation is simple and intuitive on judgment by the method.It can not only solve effectively the problem of above reference,but also have good quality of traditional gray periodic incidence.At last,the paper validates its practicability with a practical case. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic Impact Factors of Customer Lifetime Value Based on Literature Extraction Method LIU Rong, QI Jia-yin 2010, 18 (1):  133-142.  Abstract ( 2500 )   PDF (949KB) ( 1204 )   Save Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is one of the most important parts in Customer Relationship Management (CRM).Recently,scholars pay attention on the dynamic impact factors in different context,and some dynamic CLV models have been explored.However,there is no integrated classification for these dynamic impact factors.In order to promote the research in CLV modeling,classification of dynamic CLV impact factors has been studied in this paper,which includes customer related factors,enterp ri se related factors,customer-enterprise relationship related factors,and social environmental related factors.This classification is based on the review of 41 papers from 1990 to 2008.Enterprises should change strategrog according to social environment related factors,segment customer groups depending on customer related factors,and improve enterprise related factors to increase customer satisfaction.Thus,the customer lifetime value will be raised. Related Articles | Metrics

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Semi-Supervisedv-Support Vector Machines with Perturbation in Polyhedron ZHAO Kun, KONG Xiang-wei, TIAN Ying-jie 2010, 18 (1):  143-148.  Abstract ( 2268 )   PDF (332KB) ( 782 )   Save The classical paradigm in mathematical programming is to develop a model that assumes that the input data is precisely known and equal to some nominal values.In practice,the data usually have pertur bations since they are subject to measurement or statistical errors.Therefore,we proposed the Semi-Supervisedv-Support Vector classification algorithm with perturbation in polyhedrons,which are based on formulating the problem as a concave minimization problem.It is solved by a successive linear approxima tion algorithm.Numerical experiments confirm that the parametervis more stabile than parameter C,and the robustness of the proposed method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Model with the Factor of Petroleum Substitution and Tariff Quota Policy ZHOU De-qun, SUN Li-cheng, WAN Hong 2010, 18 (1):  149-155.  Abstract ( 2264 )   PDF (856KB) ( 1228 )   Save Petroleum reserve plays an extremely important role in the national economy development and national economic security.This paper has constructed the petroleum reserve model with the impact of petroleum substitution and tariff quota policy,analyzed the impact of the two factors on the optimal strategy,and set up three different scenarios to analyze the the validity of the model.The results show that,the decreased size of the petroleum substitution will result in the increased capacity of the optimal country oil and the reduction of the relating rate of petroleum reserves;and the reduced petroleum imported quotas will cause the country to enlarge the optimal size of the petroleum reserves,the rapid decrease of the rate of the petroleum covering and oil release rate declined slightly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on a Pilot Tightness Evaluating Model for the Final Stage of Cycle Time for Airways TAN Xian-chun, CHENG Long-xin, CHI Hong, XU Bao-guang, ZHAO Yu 2010, 18 (1):  156-160.  Abstract ( 2167 )   PDF (601KB) ( 1036 )   Save With the rapid development of civil aviation in China,the shortage of pilots has become a constraint to airlines.When implementing a monthly flight plan,it will be constantly adjustedfaat is affected by various reasons.As a result,the investment of pilot resources in the first three weeks is usually so much that there aren't enough pilots left for the flight task at the last week in a month,and the pilots' flight task arrangement is always tight.In this paper,a methodology of tightness evaluation of captains to accomplish the flight tasks of the last week in a month is developedfor this problem.The method takes the weekly flight task as the research object,and classifies captains into three classes by their flight time.Then,the relationship between the weekly flight task and the amount as well as the structure of pilots'investment can be developed.Therefore,the amount of the pilots needed and the personnel structure corresponding to the distribution of the pilots'flight time of the last week in a month can be forecasted,and the tightness can be evaluated.Consequently,we can alarm timely and ensure smooth accomplishment of scheduled flight,as well as reasonable allocation of flight training resources. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of Internet Companies’ Core Resources and Capabilities: Based on the Perspective of Value Creation LONG Hai-quan, LV Ben-fu, PENG Geng, ZHAO Tian-bo 2010, 18 (1):  161-167.  Abstract ( 2388 )   PDF (1302KB) ( 1341 )   Save The cyber economy has become an important part of the national economy.However,there has not been a formal and systemic competitive strategy theory for cyber economy yet.This paper attempts to fill this theoretical gap by integrating the network economic and strategic management.Based on the fourdimensional cyber trading value creation framework proposed by Amit and Zott,and promoted it to suit Web 2.0 enterprises,this paper reveals "3+1" core resources and capabilities to constitute a system.The "3+1" core resources and capabilities are original content,matching data,relation network and assemble capabilities.The "3+1" core resources and capabilities have positive and signification effect on core value and competitive advantage of Internet companies.To test the hypothesis in this paper,we gathered 248 samples in the Haidian District of Beijing,using structural equation model.The empirical results show that:the original content,the match data and the relation network have impact on the core values and competitive advantage with a significant role.Empirical data support some of the original assumptions of this article. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Construction and Application of Energy Social Accounting Matrix Model LIU Hong-tao, XI You-min, GUO Ju-e, QIAN Dong 2010, 18 (1):  168-174.  Abstract ( 2475 )   PDF (680KB) ( 1365 )   Save In this paper,the energy social accounting matrix of China for 2005 has been established,and the energy SAM model has been constructed and applied to analyze the impacts of four trillion RMB investmenu on total production,GDP,energy requirement,and energy consumption per GDP under two scenarios which are with constant energy efficiency and improved energy efficiency.The empirical results show that,in the constant energy efficiency scenario,this investment will promote GDP increase by 5970.2 billion RMB and energy requirement by 5273.9 ton of standard coal,and energy consumption per GDP decrease by 4.932%which is the effect of industry structure optimization,andindustrial structure optimization;andintheimproved energy efficiency by 5% scenario,this investment will promote.P increase by 5979.5 billion RMB and energy requirement by 5121.2 ton of standard coal,and energy consumption per GDP decrease by 5.419%,which is the joint effect of industry structure optimization and technology improvement. Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolutionary Game Analysis of Governmental Opportunism Behavior in Unexpected Incidents Involving Mass Participation LIU De-hai 2010, 18 (1):  175-183.  Abstract ( 2562 )   PDF (471KB) ( 1192 )   Save Unexpected incidents involving mass participation become the important factors,influencing Chinese social stable and modernization,but there are absence of scientific understanding for its engendering mechanism and evolutionary rule.The paper builds the evolutionary game model between government and social group,and analyzes the governmental opportunism behavior that induces the unexpected incident extended.Through the evolutionary game model analysis,the main conclusions are the following:(1) If the emotion and behavior of social vulnerable group haven't been sharpened,which are remaining at the peaceful appeal under the system permission to appeal to the central authorities for help,the opportunism government will take the high-handed strong strategy.The equilibrium of game model is(peaceful appeal,highhanded).(2) If a small number of social vulnerable groups begin to take the violence rebel behaviors engaged in beating,smashing and looting,the opportunism government turns to make the concession,which induces the other people continuing to take the violence rebel behavior.So the unexpected incident will furiously extend.In the treatment of unexpected incident,the governmental opportunism behavior isn't only delaying the optimal time for controlling the incident,but also inducing the incident extended.At last,the paper analyzes the measure andperformance of emergency management of local government in the case of/Weng'an incident. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extension and Application of Classical Conception in “Overall Planning” Network QI Jian-xun, ZHAO Xiu-hua, SU Zhi-xiong 2010, 18 (1):  184-192.  Abstract ( 2337 )   PDF (875KB) ( 1134 )   Save In this paper,aiming at some classical conceptions in "overall planning" network,such as total float,node float,free float,safety float,interference float,the earliest start time and the latest finish time,limitations of these conceptions are analyzed and extended from single time area to length area,and from conceptions of floats which don't consider direction to ones which consider direction,et al.In addition,some applications of above classical conceptions are presented briefly,for instance,the properties which are reflected when those conceptions are extended,the simple method of simlifying time-cost tradeoff network equivalently,and the simple function of calculating result of scheduling. Related Articles | Metrics