Abstract:

Exploring the formation mechanism of multi-project cooperation and competition networks in complex programs is critical to improving its performance. This study aims to understand the characteristics and formation of multi-project cooperation and competition networks in complex program from the network perspective. Based on social network theory and social exchange theory， this research identifies the effects of pure structural factors （i.e.， Reciprocity， Popularity， and Transitive triad）， attribute-based factors （i.e.， geographic proximity， project size， and project duration）， and covariate networks on forming cooperation and competition networks. The graphs of cooperation and competition networks are drawn and their network characteristics are analyzed and compared. Based on the data of 923 inter-project interface tasks collected from a large-scale construction program in China， the hypotheses are empirically tested by an exponential random graph model. The results are as follows： （1） Cooperative and competitive relationships coexist among multiple projects in complex programs. The density and connection number of the cooperation networks are about twice that of the competitive network； （2） There are similarities and differences in the factors influencing the formation of cooperative and competitive networks. Reciprocity has a positive effect on driving the formation of both kinds of networks， while cooperation networks also exhibit positive popularity； （3） Cooperation and competition networks can mutually contribute to the formation of each other. This research is not only helpful to deepen managers' understanding of the formation of the cooperation and competition network in multi-project settings， but also helps to formulate more comprehensive and effective resource allocation strategies from the network perspective， thereby promoting the collaboration between project teams.

Key words: program management, complex project, coopetition, network formation, ERGM