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中国管理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 195-209.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2024.1677cstr: 32146.14.j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2024.1677

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需求不确定性下概率销售与快速响应模式对比

张名扬1,2, 邓岚3(), 张菊亮4, 郭健涛5   

  1. 1.北京林业大学经济管理学院,北京 100083
    2.国家教材建设重点研究基地(生态文明教材建设研究),北京 100083
    3.北京工商大学商学院,北京 100048
    4.北京交通大学经济管理学院,北京 100044
    5.浙江工业大学管理学院,浙江 杭州 310023
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20 修回日期:2025-10-25 出版日期:2026-08-25 发布日期:2026-07-14
  • 通讯作者: 邓岚 E-mail:landeng@bjtu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(71901027);教育部产学研课题(220501369075409)

Comparison of Probabilistic Sales and Quick Response under Demand Uncertainty

Mingyang Zhang1,2, Lan Deng3(), Juliang Zhang4, Jiantao Guo5   

  1. 1.School of Economics and Management,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
    2.National Research Center for Educational Materials (Ecological Civilization Educational Materials),Beijing 100083,China
    3.Business School,Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048,China
    4.School of Economics and Management,Beijing Jiaotong University,Beijing 100044,China
    5.School of Management,Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou 310023,China
  • Received:2024-09-20 Revised:2025-10-25 Online:2026-08-25 Published:2026-07-14
  • Contact: Lan Deng E-mail:landeng@bjtu.edu.cn

摘要:

随着数字经济的蓬勃发展及消费者对个性化的不断追求,市场需求不确定性日益增加。为帮助零售商优化库存管理和定价策略,本文分析了应对这一挑战的三种模式:概率销售、快速响应及二者结合的联合模式。概率销售模式指零售商将正常销售的商品组合为概率产品,以较低价格为消费者提供其中一种商品。快速响应模式是在零售商观察到市场需求后,快速为缺货商品进行补货。本文构建了零售商在两阶段销售商品的模型,分别探讨了在传统市场和策略型消费者市场中,不同销售模式对零售商决策(如订货量和定价)及利润的影响。首先,对比了三种模式在不同市场环境下的表现。其次,分析了策略型消费者对零售商最优策略的影响。研究结果显示,在多数情况下,概率销售及联合模式为零售商带来的利润优于快速响应模式。当快速响应订货成本较低且正常订货成本较高时,联合模式的表现更优越;否则,概率销售模式更优。此外,在高快速响应订货成本下,随着市场需求的不确定性增强,概率销售模式的利润优势会扩大。

关键词: 概率销售, 快速响应, 策略型消费者, 需求不确定, Hotelling模型

Abstract:

With the rapid development of the digital economy and consumers' growing pursuit of personalization, consumer demand has become more uncertain. To help retailers make inventory management and pricing strategies better, three ways to address this challenge are analyzed, that is, probabilistic selling, quick response, and a hybrid mode combining the two. The probabilistic selling mode refers to the retailer combining normally sold products into probabilistic products and offering consumers the opportunity to obtain one of them at a lower price. The quick response mode involves timely replenishment of out-of-stock products after the retailer observes the actual market demand. The two-stage sales model is constructed and the impact of different selling modes on retailers' decisions (e.g., order quantity and pricing) and profits is explored in traditional and strategic consumer markets, respectively. Firstly, the performance of the three modes in different market environments is compared. Secondly, the effects of strategic consumers on the retailer's optimal strategies are analyzed. The research shows that the probabilistic selling and hybrid mode generate more profits for retailers than the quick response mode in most cases. The hybrid mode outperforms when the quick response cost is low and the ordering cost is high; otherwise, the probabilistic selling mode is more advantageous. Moreover, the relative advantage of the probabilistic selling mode increases as market demand uncertainty rises under the high quick response cost.

Key words: probability selling, quick response, strategic consumers, uncertain demand, hotelling model

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