中国管理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 195-209.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2024.1677cstr: 32146.14.j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2024.1677
收稿日期:2024-09-20
修回日期:2025-10-25
出版日期:2026-08-25
发布日期:2026-07-14
通讯作者:
邓岚
E-mail:landeng@bjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Mingyang Zhang1,2, Lan Deng3(
), Juliang Zhang4, Jiantao Guo5
Received:2024-09-20
Revised:2025-10-25
Online:2026-08-25
Published:2026-07-14
Contact:
Lan Deng
E-mail:landeng@bjtu.edu.cn
摘要:
随着数字经济的蓬勃发展及消费者对个性化的不断追求,市场需求不确定性日益增加。为帮助零售商优化库存管理和定价策略,本文分析了应对这一挑战的三种模式:概率销售、快速响应及二者结合的联合模式。概率销售模式指零售商将正常销售的商品组合为概率产品,以较低价格为消费者提供其中一种商品。快速响应模式是在零售商观察到市场需求后,快速为缺货商品进行补货。本文构建了零售商在两阶段销售商品的模型,分别探讨了在传统市场和策略型消费者市场中,不同销售模式对零售商决策(如订货量和定价)及利润的影响。首先,对比了三种模式在不同市场环境下的表现。其次,分析了策略型消费者对零售商最优策略的影响。研究结果显示,在多数情况下,概率销售及联合模式为零售商带来的利润优于快速响应模式。当快速响应订货成本较低且正常订货成本较高时,联合模式的表现更优越;否则,概率销售模式更优。此外,在高快速响应订货成本下,随着市场需求的不确定性增强,概率销售模式的利润优势会扩大。
中图分类号:
张名扬,邓岚,张菊亮, 等. 需求不确定性下概率销售与快速响应模式对比[J]. 中国管理科学, 2026, 34(8): 195-209.
Mingyang Zhang,Lan Deng,Juliang Zhang, et al. Comparison of Probabilistic Sales and Quick Response under Demand Uncertainty[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2026, 34(8): 195-209.
表3
无策略型消费者环境概率销售模式与快速响应模式对比"
| 0.05 | 12.272 | 12.226 | 12.426 | 13.279 | 4.2432 | 5.2839 | 6.5117 | 8.5512 | 0.2162 | 0.2121 | 0.2122 | 0.2227 |
| 0.1 | 11.772 | 11.642 | 11.703 | 12.278 | 6.9563 | 8.1265 | 9.3881 | 10.852 | 0.1855 | 0.1785 | 0.1754 | 0.1817 |
| 0.15 | 11.067 | 10.871 | 10.823 | 11.189 | 9.1747 | 10.198 | 11.29 | 12.491 | 0.1559 | 0.1467 | 0.1413 | 0.1446 |
| 0.2 | 10.189 | 9.967 | 9.8514 | 10.065 | 11.03 | 11.71 | 12.47 | 13.36 | 0.1271 | 0.116 | 0.1088 | 0.1102 |
| 0.25 | 9.1665 | 8.97 | 8.8373 | 8.9503 | 12.557 | 12.73 | 13.059 | 13.626 | 0.0989 | 0.0862 | 0.0781 | 0.0786 |
| 0.3 | 8.0253 | 7.9186 | 7.8205 | 7.8784 | 13.738 | 13.254 | 13.151 | 13.446 | 0.071 | 0.0573 | 0.0498 | 0.0504 |
| 0.35 | 6.7973 | 6.8546 | 6.8332 | 6.8701 | 14.485 | 13.248 | 12.83 | 12.929 | 0.0435 | 0.03 | 0.0245 | 0.0258 |
| 0.4 | 5.5295 | 5.8235 | 5.9012 | 5.9395 | 14.581 | 12.697 | 12.17 | 12.154 | 0.0163 | 0.0055 | 0.0028 | 0.0046 |
| 0.45 | 4.3063 | 4.8701 | 5.0445 | 5.0952 | 13.448 | 11.647 | 11.237 | 11.189 | -0.0098 | -0.0144 | -0.0152 | -0.0132 |
| 0.5 | 3.2867 | 4.0313 | 4.2765 | 4.3399 | 10.462 | 10.233 | 10.122 | 10.117 | -0.0275 | -0.0288 | -0.0296 | -0.0281 |
表4
无策略型消费者环境概率销售模式与快速响应模式对比(概率产品组合比例a1/2)"
| 0.05 | 6.3879 | 7.36 | 7.7513 | 7.9023 |
| 0.1 | 6.3245 | 7.1574 | 7.4252 | 7.8508 |
| 0.15 | 6.0446 | 6.7102 | 7.1421 | 7.5343 |
| 0.2 | 5.4752 | 6.0284 | 6.6264 | 6.8965 |
| 0.25 | 4.6157 | 5.3565 | 5.8106 | 6.0079 |
| 0.3 | 3.7867 | 4.4137 | 4.7657 | 5.1724 |
| 0.35 | 2.9788 | 3.4464 | 3.7766 | 4.0581 |
| 0.4 | 2.2325 | 2.5889 | 2.8398 | 2.9924 |
| 0.45 | 1.583 | 1.8051 | 1.9457 | 2.0656 |
| 0.5 | 1.0208 | 1.1706 | 1.3012 | 1.4229 |
表5
策略型消费者时“概率销售”模式与“概率销售+快速响应”联合模式对比(高快速响应成本)"
| 0.05 | 4E-06 | 0.0059 | 0.0954 | 0.399 | 3E-06 | 0.0074 | 0.1505 | 0.8362 | 4E-08 | 6E-05 | 0.0009 | 0.0039 | |
| 0.1 | 2E-06 | 0.0027 | 0.0421 | 0.1725 | 1E-06 | 0.0023 | 0.0461 | 0.2361 | 3E-08 | 5E-05 | 0.0008 | 0.0034 | |
| 0.15 | 5E-13 | 5E-07 | 0.0001 | 0.0024 | 7E-12 | 5E-07 | 5E-05 | 0.003 | 3E-08 | 5E-05 | 0.0008 | 0.0032 | |
| 0.2 | -2E-06 | -0.002 | -0.035 | -0.135 | -8E-07 | -0.002 | -0.043 | -0.223 | 3E-08 | 4E-05 | 0.0007 | 0.0025 | |
| 0.25 | -3E-06 | -0.004 | -0.045 | -0.171 | -3E-06 | -0.007 | -0.127 | -0.486 | -2E-09 | -2E-05 | -0.004 | -0.004 | |
| 0.3 | -3E-06 | 0.001 | 0.1077 | -0.012 | -3E-05 | -0.033 | -0.251 | -0.79 | -5E-07 | -0.004 | -0.007 | -0.005 | |
| 0.35 | 1E-05 | 0.2417 | 0.4004 | 0.2943 | -5E-04 | 0.0713 | -0.48 | -1.085 | -8E-06 | -0.009 | -0.005 | -0.004 | |
| 0.4 | 0.0396 | 0.6053 | 0.8016 | 0.7118 | 0.7098 | -0.092 | -0.605 | -1.221 | -0.025 | -0.005 | -0.002 | -6E-04 | |
| 0.45 | 0.5522 | 1.0739 | 1.2767 | 1.1888 | 0.8131 | -0.026 | -0.43 | -0.999 | -0.007 | -2E-04 | 0.0026 | 0.0045 | |
| 0.5 | 1.1264 | 1.6035 | 1.7518 | 1.6422 | 1.6273 | 0.7088 | 0.4238 | -0.101 | -6E-04 | 0.0061 | 0.0086 | 0.0106 | |
表6
策略型消费者时“概率销售”模式与“概率销售+快速响应”联合模式对比(低快速响应成本)"
| 0.05 | 2E-05 | 0.0297 | 0.4732 | 1.9297 | 2E-05 | 0.0368 | 0.7327 | 3.7338 | 3E-08 | 6E-05 | 0.0009 | 0.0039 |
| 0.1 | 2E-05 | 0.0242 | 1.6254 | 2.1094 | 9E-06 | 0.0207 | 17.017 | 24.66 | 9E-08 | 5E-05 | 0.0789 | 0.0812 |
| 0.15 | 1E-05 | 0.9574 | 0.1645 | 0.1706 | 7E-06 | 10.533 | 16.532 | 22.796 | 3E-08 | 0.0708 | 0.0675 | 0.0668 |
| 0.2 | 1E-05 | 0.0018 | -1.065 | -1.399 | 6E-06 | 9.7336 | 14.932 | 20.338 | 1E-07 | 0.0599 | 0.0518 | 0.0464 |
| 0.25 | 8E-06 | 0.0122 | -2.061 | -2.553 | 9E-06 | 0.0218 | 13.241 | 18.174 | 1E-07 | 0.0003 | 0.0262 | 0.019 |
| 0.3 | 5E-06 | -1.585 | -2.674 | -3.266 | 5E-05 | 7.2329 | 11.906 | 16.214 | 9E-07 | 0.0247 | 0.0056 | 0.002 |
| 0.35 | -1E-05 | -1.947 | -3.006 | -3.658 | 0.0005 | 6.5573 | 10.507 | 14.268 | 8E-06 | 0.0003 | -0.007 | -0.011 |
| 0.4 | -0.038 | -2.094 | -3.132 | -3.788 | 0.728 | 5.6325 | 9.1364 | 12.364 | -0.025 | -0.009 | -0.017 | -0.022 |
| 0.45 | -1.041 | -2.11 | -3.089 | -3.69 | 2.0753 | 4.7864 | 7.8619 | 10.524 | -0.006 | -0.016 | -0.026 | -0.03 |
| 0.5 | -1.048 | -2.052 | -2.901 | -3.399 | 1.8557 | 4.269 | 6.7588 | 8.76 | -0.012 | -0.024 | -0.034 | -0.037 |
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