中国管理科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (8): 61-74.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2024.0109
收稿日期:
2024-01-23
修回日期:
2024-07-19
出版日期:
2025-08-25
发布日期:
2025-09-10
通讯作者:
景鹏
E-mail:jingpeng@swufe.edu.cn
基金资助:
Peng Jing1(), Chengyi Ren1, Gang Kou2
Received:
2024-01-23
Revised:
2024-07-19
Online:
2025-08-25
Published:
2025-09-10
Contact:
Peng Jing
E-mail:jingpeng@swufe.edu.cn
摘要:
社会保险降费对减轻企业负担和激发企业活力发挥了积极作用。基于上市公司网络招聘数据,本文采用双重差分方法考察了社会保险降费对企业劳动力需求结构的影响。研究结果显示,社会保险降费显著促进了企业劳动力需求结构升级,该效应在非国有企业和高融资约束企业以及政府设定较低就业目标和人才落户门槛的地区企业更明显。机制检验表明,社会保险降费主要通过资本—技能互补效应和流动性约束缓解效应扩大了企业对高技能劳动力的相对需求。进一步研究发现,社会保险降费不仅提高了企业招聘学历门槛,还提升了高技能劳动力实际雇佣比例,证实企业不存在策略性招聘行为。本文结论对于完善社会保险缴费制度和推动企业高质量发展具有重要启示意义。
中图分类号:
景鹏, 任成一, 寇纲. 社会保险降费与企业劳动力需求结构升级[J]. 中国管理科学, 2025, 33(8): 61-74.
Peng Jing, Chengyi Ren, Gang Kou. Reduction in Social Insurance Contributions and the Upgrade of Corporate Labor Demand Structure: Evidence from Internet Recruitment of Listed Companies[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2025, 33(8): 61-74.
表1
变量描述性统计结果"
变量 | 样本量 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lds | 14591 | 3.6366 | 1.2878 | 0 | 11.1125 |
HL | 14591 | 0.9553 | 7.6108 | 0 | 670 |
Treat×Post | 14591 | 0.3072 | 0.4613 | 0 | 1 |
Brir | 14591 | 0.1737 | 0.3464 | -0.5023 | 1.7667 |
ROE | 14591 | 0.0603 | 0.1417 | -0.6940 | 0.3407 |
Age | 14591 | 2.9870 | 0.2852 | 2.1972 | 3.5264 |
Top10 | 14591 | 0.5834 | 0.1484 | 0.2497 | 0.9018 |
Dual | 14591 | 0.3149 | 0.4645 | 0 | 1 |
Cfo | 14591 | 0.0486 | 0.0649 | -0.1367 | 0.2305 |
Lev | 14591 | 0.4249 | 0.1954 | 0.0675 | 0.8838 |
表2
基准回归结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|---|
Treat×Post | 0.0985*** | 0.1022*** | 0.1009*** |
(0.0326) | (0.0328) | (0.0294) | |
Brir | 0.0198 | 0.0077 | |
(0.0318) | (0.0322) | ||
ROE | 0.0838 | 0.0773 | |
(0.0776) | (0.0847) | ||
Age | -0.0475 | -0.1424 | |
(0.2436) | (0.2780) | ||
Top10 | 0.0721 | 0.1345 | |
(0.2063) | (0.2078) | ||
Dual | -0.0163 | -0.0283 | |
(0.0384) | (0.0369) | ||
Cfo | 0.0239 | -0.0187 | |
(0.1244) | (0.1367) | ||
Lev | -0.2214** | -0.1862* | |
(0.1079) | (0.1059) | ||
常数项 | 3.6204*** | 3.8092*** | 4.0499*** |
(0.0053) | (0.7666) | (0.8735) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | No | No | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | No | No | Yes |
N | 14591 | 14591 | 14591 |
Adj. R2 | 0.5035 | 0.5036 | 0.5081 |
表3
稳健性检验结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
按中位数确定处理组 | 按三分位数确定处理组 | 保留制造业企业样本 | 剔除广东和浙江企业 | 增加控制变量 | 排除增值税留抵退税政策 | PSM-DID | |
Treat×Post | 0.0578* | 0.1009*** | 0.1610*** | 0.1282*** | 0.0978** | 0.1174*** | 0.1045** |
(0.0304) | (0.0294) | (0.0452) | (0.0348) | (0.0421) | (0.0307) | (0.0414) | |
Brir | 0.0060 | 0.0077 | 0.0158 | -0.0122 | 0.0090 | 0.0181 | 0.0120 |
(0.0325) | (0.0322) | (0.0449) | (0.0400) | (0.0307) | (0.0306) | (0.0301) | |
ROE | 0.0781 | 0.0773 | 0.0491 | 0.1320 | 0.0752 | 0.0869 | 0.0681 |
(0.0861) | (0.0847) | (0.1126) | (0.1291) | (0.0815) | (0.0713) | (0.0815) | |
Age | -0.1362 | -0.1424 | -0.2783 | -0.4209 | -0.1957 | -0.1114 | -0.1678 |
(0.2784) | (0.2780) | (0.2765) | (0.3078) | (0.3064) | (0.2479) | (0.3033) | |
Top10 | 0.1365 | 0.1345 | 0.2874 | 0.1194 | 0.1224 | 0.1092 | 0.1269 |
(0.2061) | (0.2078) | (0.2243) | (0.2878) | (0.2182) | (0.1971) | (0.2189) | |
Dual | -0.0294 | -0.0283 | -0.0564 | -0.0600 | -0.0315 | -0.0239 | -0.0251 |
(0.0373) | (0.0369) | (0.0397) | (0.0423) | (0.0378) | (0.0389) | (0.0394) | |
Cfo | -0.0209 | -0.0187 | -0.0131 | 0.0334 | -0.0192 | -0.0228 | -0.0123 |
(0.1375) | (0.1367) | (0.2633) | (0.1980) | (0.1731) | (0.1276) | (0.1732) | |
Lev | -0.1801* | -0.1862* | -0.1275 | -0.3132** | -0.1962 | -0.1837 | -0.2060* |
(0.1019) | (0.1059) | (0.1389) | (0.1474) | (0.1184) | (0.1109) | (0.1202) | |
GDPr | 0.0018*** | 0.0018*** | |||||
(0.0002) | (0.0002) | ||||||
Fin | -0.0436 | -0.0319 | |||||
(0.1353) | (0.1372) | ||||||
Rob | 0.0021 | 0.0021 | |||||
(0.0014) | (0.0015) | ||||||
Dig | 0.1165 | 0.1008 | |||||
(0.2227) | (0.2171) | ||||||
Pol | 0.0889*** | ||||||
(0.0291) | |||||||
常数项 | 4.0300*** | 4.0499*** | 4.4299*** | 4.9375*** | 4.2359*** | 3.9260*** | 4.1329*** |
(0.8773) | (0.8735) | (0.8509) | (0.9665) | (0.9371) | (0.7853) | (0.9218) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 14591 | 14591 | 9362 | 9865 | 14036 | 14591 | 13976 |
Adj. R2 | 0.5079 | 0.5081 | 0.4738 | 0.5093 | 0.5114 | 0.5041 | 0.5134 |
表4
劳动力需求结构分解检验"
变量 | (1) | (2) |
---|---|---|
高技能劳动力招聘数量的自然对数 | 低技能劳动力招聘数量的自然对数 | |
Treat×Post | 0.1219*** | 0.0169 |
(0.0408) | (0.0424) | |
Brir | 0.0624** | 0.0499* |
(0.0274) | (0.0252) | |
ROE | 0.6426*** | 0.5383*** |
(0.1084) | (0.0757) | |
Age | 0.6271 | 0.5768 |
(0.5364) | (0.4522) | |
Top10 | 0.6157* | 0.5181* |
(0.3233) | (0.3009) | |
Dual | 0.0065 | 0.0245 |
(0.0291) | (0.0291) | |
Cfo | -0.1684 | -0.1290 |
(0.1244) | (0.1366) | |
Lev | 0.1708 | 0.3840*** |
(0.1457) | (0.1122) | |
常数项 | 1.3726 | 2.4433 |
(1.7126) | (1.4629) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
N | 14591 | 14591 |
Adj. R2 | 0.7268 | 0.7180 |
表5
作用机制检验"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
资本投入 | 资本劳动比 | 现金持有 | 债务规模 | |
Treat×Post | 0.1480*** | -8.4443 | -0.0117* | 0.1206*** |
(0.0414) | (6.5588) | (0.0065) | (0.0222) | |
Brir | 0.1263*** | -7.9033 | -0.0013 | 0.1371*** |
(0.0309) | (5.4847) | (0.0027) | (0.0165) | |
ROE | 0.9334*** | 5.6492 | 0.0085 | 0.7470*** |
(0.0849) | (11.9432) | (0.0056) | (0.0399) | |
Age | 1.1425*** | 9.8282 | 0.0202 | 0.9670*** |
(0.3913) | (45.9419) | (0.0403) | (0.2450) | |
Top10 | 1.1012*** | -30.2766* | 0.0919*** | 0.5620*** |
(0.2097) | (16.3962) | (0.0185) | (0.1683) | |
Dual | 0.0013 | -7.4838 | 0.0028 | 0.0177 |
(0.0276) | (4.8397) | (0.0038) | (0.0120) | |
Cfo | -0.2972 | 8.1359 | 0.2267*** | -0.1818* |
(0.1875) | (23.9201) | (0.0207) | (0.0932) | |
Lev | 1.3223*** | 26.4282* | -0.1571*** | 3.7447*** |
(0.1955) | (14.8574) | (0.0128) | (0.1099) | |
常数项 | 13.9897*** | 44.4307 | 0.1384 | 16.5010*** |
(1.2337) | (138.3892) | (0.1164) | (0.8067) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 14591 | 14591 | 14591 | 14591 |
Adj. R2 | 0.8146 | 0.9618 | 0.6700 | 0.9740 |
表6
基于企业内部特征的异质性分析结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
国有企业 | 非国有 企业 | 低融资约束企业 | 高融资约束企业 | |
Treat×Post | 0.0576 | 0.1310*** | 0.1022 | 0.1197*** |
(0.0596) | (0.0453) | (0.0760) | (0.0403) | |
Brir | 0.0261 | 0.0186 | 0.0053 | 0.0203 |
(0.0861) | (0.0322) | (0.0389) | (0.0467) | |
ROE | 0.1278 | 0.0503 | 0.0128 | 0.1474 |
(0.2594) | (0.0811) | (0.0931) | (0.1301) | |
Age | 0.9260 | -0.4072 | 0.6125 | -0.4663 |
(0.7700) | (0.3103) | (0.3770) | (0.5362) | |
Top10 | -0.3425 | 0.2309 | 0.1566 | 0.3347 |
(0.4932) | (0.2568) | (0.2281) | (0.2786) | |
Dual | -0.0285 | -0.0400 | -0.0533 | 0.0193 |
(0.0885) | (0.0378) | (0.0362) | (0.0793) | |
Cfo | -0.1589 | -0.0163 | 0.0889 | -0.0621 |
(0.3875) | (0.1818) | (0.2083) | (0.2591) | |
Lev | -0.7368* | -0.0963 | -0.2156 | -0.1967 |
(0.4112) | (0.1067) | (0.1799) | (0.1161) | |
常数项 | 1.2171 | 4.7796*** | 1.7288 | 4.9161*** |
(2.3860) | (0.9530) | (1.1583) | (1.6036) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 4066 | 10525 | 7288 | 7303 |
Adj. R2 | 0.4549 | 0.5255 | 0.5099 | 0.5084 |
表7
基于企业外部环境的异质性分析结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
---|---|---|---|---|
低就业 目标 | 高就业 目标 | 低人才落户门槛 | 高人才落户门槛 | |
Treat×Post | 0.1473** | 0.0179 | 0.1226** | 0.0905** |
(0.0682) | (0.0567) | (0.0537) | (0.0409) | |
Brir | 0.0983** | -0.0419 | 0.0495 | -0.0422 |
(0.0451) | (0.0507) | (0.0402) | (0.0306) | |
ROE | -0.1336 | 0.2984* | 0.1129 | 0.1445 |
(0.1967) | (0.1446) | (0.1033) | (0.0901) | |
Age | -0.5436 | 0.0215 | -0.6089 | 0.3524 |
(0.6391) | (0.7104) | (0.8832) | (0.3230) | |
Top10 | -0.1139 | 0.1250 | 0.3455 | 0.0094 |
(0.2956) | (0.4596) | (0.3072) | (0.4192) | |
Dual | -0.0575 | -0.0465 | -0.0658 | 0.0116 |
(0.0520) | (0.0457) | (0.0435) | (0.0580) | |
Cfo | -0.0925 | 0.1299 | -0.3939* | 0.2433* |
(0.3296) | (0.1991) | (0.2137) | (0.1276) | |
Lev | -0.3270 | -0.3679** | -0.0078 | -0.2794 |
(0.2309) | (0.1324) | (0.1840) | (0.2017) | |
常数项 | 5.3591*** | 3.6827 | 5.2479* | 2.7513** |
(1.8965) | (2.2317) | (2.6044) | (1.0416) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 5963 | 5625 | 6350 | 6241 |
Adj. R2 | 0.4213 | 0.5807 | 0.4889 | 0.5748 |
表8
进一步讨论结果"
变量 | (1) | (2) |
---|---|---|
招聘岗位学历要求 | 实际雇佣结构 | |
Treat×Post | 0.0690*** | 0.0128* |
(0.0173) | (0.0069) | |
Brir | -0.0283 | -0.0240** |
(0.0221) | (0.0099) | |
ROE | -0.0039 | -0.0144 |
(0.0665) | (0.0130) | |
Age | 0.2768 | -0.0350 |
(0.2354) | (0.2112) | |
Top10 | 0.0362 | -0.0292 |
(0.1156) | (0.0784) | |
Dual | -0.0060 | 0.0140* |
(0.0226) | (0.0072) | |
Cfo | 0.0205 | 0.0284 |
(0.1230) | (0.0517) | |
Lev | 0.0755 | -0.0074 |
(0.0755) | (0.0274) | |
常数项 | 2.7911*** | 1.0669 |
(0.7261) | (0.6500) | |
企业固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
行业—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
省份—年份固定效应 | Yes | Yes |
N | 14591 | 14591 |
Adj. R2 | 0.5173 | 0.8198 |
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