重大突发公共卫生事件及其防控政策对互联网零工经济平台劳动生产率的影响——以外卖骑手为例

doi:10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2022.0334

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 2019年底新冠疫情的爆发，给人们的工作生活带来了前所未有的冲击，以外卖为代表的互联网零工经济平台对于确保人民生活质量起到了重要作用。为了减少上门配送带来的直接接触，防止疫情扩散，2020年2月6日商务部联合国家卫生健康委员会针对餐饮行业出台了“无接触配送”防控政策。外卖骑手一方面需要稳定输出其劳动生产率，以缓解自身的生存压力；另一方面还需要严格遵守防控政策，避免在配送过程中病毒的传播。本文基于饿了么平台的外卖数据，结合国家卫生健康委员会公布的疫情数据，首先，研究了新冠疫情的严重程度对外卖骑手劳动生产率(配送业绩、产能利用率和配送质量)的影响；其次，本文还探讨了政府推行的“无接触配送”政策是否会缓解新冠疫情对外卖骑手劳动生产率的冲击，以及这种影响随疫情发展的动态变化。研究结果表明，新冠疫情的严重程度会显著负向影响骑手的配送业绩和产能利用率，但是并不会显著影响配送质量。此外，本文发现，“无接触配送”政策会加重疫情对配送业绩的冲击，并且随着疫情逐步得到控制，这种负向影响会越来越大。本文通过对新冠疫情背景下外卖配送问题的探讨，弥补了对重大突发公共卫生事件下零工经济研究的不足，并且为外卖平台和相关政策制定者的应对策略提供了建议。

关键词: 新冠疫情；零工经济；外卖平台；骑手劳动生产率；“无接触配送”政策

Abstract: The Covid-19 outbreak continues on a large scale around the world, bringing unprecedented impact to people's work and life. In order to reduce the direct contact caused by door-to-door delivery and prevent the spread of the epidemic, on February 6, 2020, the Ministry of Commerce and the National Health Commission jointly issued a contactless delivery prevention policy for the catering industry. On the one hand, food deliveryman need to stably output their labor productivity to relieve their own survival pressure; on the other hand, they also need to strictly abide by the prevention and control policy to avoid the spread of the virus during the delivery process. Based on the data from the Ele.me platform and the epidemic data released by the National Health Commission, the impact of the severity of the Covid-19 on the labor productivity of delivery man (delivery performance, capacity utilization, and delivery quality) of food deliveryman is studied; in addition, whether the contactless delivery policy will mitigate the impact of on the labor productivity of the delivery man, and the dynamics of this impact are examined. After that, the moderating effect of workday and experience of delivery man are explored, and some robustness tests are done to increase the reliability of the results. The result show that: First, the severity of the Covid-19 significantly negatively affect delivery performance and capacity utilization, but not significantly affect the quality of delivery; in addition, it is found that the contactless delivery policy will aggravate the impact of the Covid-19 on delivery performance, and as the epidemic is gradually under control, this negative impact become greater. However, the moderate effect of the contactless delivery policy on the relationship between the severity of the Covid-19 and capacity utilization of delivery man varies in different period. Specifically, when the epidemic is serious, the policy alleviate the negative impact of Covid-19 on capacity utilization, but when the epidemic is gradually under control, the policy aggravate the impact, as epidemic enter a stable period, the moderate effect of the policy is no longer significant. Finally, in hoc-analysis, it is found that the workday aggravates the impact of the Covid-19 on delivery performance, and rich experience of delivery man alleviates the impact of the Covid-19 on capacity utilization. By discussing on-demand delivery issues in the context of Covid-19, the lack of research on on-demand services under major public health emergencies is made up for, and suggestions for on-demand delivery platforms and relevant policy makers on coping strategies are provided.

Key words: Covid-19; gig economy; food delivery platform; delivery productivity; contactless delivery policy

中图分类号:

刘子龙, 李晓涵, 唐加福. 重大突发公共卫生事件及其防控政策对互联网零工经济平台劳动生产率的影响——以外卖骑手为例[J]. 中国管理科学, 2023, 31(3): 81-91.

LIU Zi-Long, LI Xiao-Han, TANG Jia-Fu. The Impact of Major Public Health Emergency and Its Prevention and Control Policy on Labor Productivity of Internet Gig Economy Platform: A Case Study of Food Deliveryman[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2023, 31(3): 81-91.

参考文献

［1］杨子晖,陈雨恬,张平淼.重大突发公共事件下的宏观经济冲击、金融风险传导与治理应对［J］.管理世界,2020,36(5): 13-35.Yang Zihui, Chen Yutian, Zhang Pingmiao. Macroeconomic shock, financial risk transmission and governance response to major public emergencies［J］. Management World, 2020, 36(5): 13-35.
［2］徐戈,袁韵,贾建民.新冠疫情下“就地过年”幸福感的调查研究［J］.南开管理评论, 2021,24(2):204-215.Xu Ge, Yuan Yun, Jia Jianmin. Survey studies of happiness under COVID-19 for people staying locally for the Chinese New Year［J］. Nankai Business Review, 2021, 24(2): 204-215.
［3］ Jia J S, Lu X, Yuan Y, et al. Population flow drives spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 in China［J］. Nature, 2020, 582(7812): 389-394.
［4］ Ozili P K, Arun T. Spillover of COVID-19: impact on the global economy［J/OL］. SSRN Electronic Journal (2020-03-27) ［2020-04-12］. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3562570.
［5］ Fernandes N. Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy［J/OL］. SSRN Electronic Journal (2020-03-22) ［2020-04-12］. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504.
［6］ Chetty R, Friedman J N, Hendren N, et al. How did COVID-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data［M］. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.
［7］ Taylor T A. On-demand service platforms［J］. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 2018, 20(4): 704-720.
［8］ Feng Guiyun, Kong Guangwen, Wang Zizhuo. We are on the way: analysis of on-demand ride-hailing systems［J］. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 2021, 23(5): 1237-1256.
［9］ Manyika J, Lund S, Bughin J, et al. Independent work： choice necessity and the gig economy［R］. McKinsey Global Institute, 2016.
［10］ Mulcahy D, Will the gig economy make the office obsolete［J］. Harvard Business Review, 2017, 3: 2-4.
［11］ Prassl J. Humans as a service: the promise and perils of work in the gig economy［M］. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
［12］谢富胜,吴越.零工经济是一种劳资双赢的新型用工关系吗?［J］.经济学家,2019, (6):5-14.Xie Fusheng, Wu Yue. Is the zero-labor economy a new type of win-win employment relationship between labor and capital?［J］. Economist, 2019, (6): 5-14.
［13］ Fox M A, Spicer K, Chosewood L C. Implications of applying cumulative risk assessment to the workplace［J］. Environment international, 2018, 115: 230-238.
［14］ Graham M, Hjorth I, Lehdonvirta V. Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods［J］. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 2017, 23(2): 135-162.
［15］ Katta S, Badger A, Graham M. (Dis) embeddedness and (De) commodification: COVID-19, Uber, and the unravelling logics of the gig economy［J］. Dialogues in Human Geography, 2020, 10(2): 203- 207.
［16］ Jeon S H, Ostrovsky Y. The impact of Covid-19 on the gig economy: short-and long-term concerns［M］. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, 2020.
［17］ Sonnemaker T. An Uber driver who got COVID-19 couldn’t get the company to cover his promised sick pay［EB/OL］. (2020-03-26) ［2020-04-20］. https://www.businessinsider.com.au/uber-driver-coronavirus-sick-pay-ceo-dara-khosrowshahi-twitter-2020-3.
［18］ Butschek S, Amor R G, Kampktter P, et al. Paying gig workers-evidence from a field experiment［J/OL］. SSRN Electronic Journal (2020-12-20) ［2021-04-12］. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3507254.
［19］ Behl A, Sampat B, Raj S. Productivity of gig workers on crowdsourcing platforms through artificial intelligence and gamification: a multi-theoretical approach ［J/OL］. The TQM Journal (2021-01-01) ［2021-02-05］. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-07-2021-0201.
［20］ Sheu J B. An emergency logistics distribution approach for quick response to urgent relief demand in disasters［J］. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2007, 43(6): 687-709.
［21］ zdamar L, Ekinci E, Küükyazici B. Emergency logistics planning in natural disasters［J］. Annals of Operations Research, 2004, 129(1): 217-245.
［22］ Moreno A, Alem D, Ferreira D. Heuristic approaches for the multiperiod location-transportation problem with reuse of vehicles in emergency logistics［J］. Computers & Operations Research, 2016, 69: 79-96.
［23］ Chen Yanyu, Zheng Wenzhe, Li Wenbo, et al. The robustness and sustainability of port logistics systems for emergency supplies from overseas［J］. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020(1): 1-10.
［24］ Caunhye A M, Nie X, Pokharel S. Optimization models in emergency logistics: a literature review［J］. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 2012, 46(1): 4-13.
［25］ Allen J, Piecyk M, Piotrowska M, et al. Understanding the impact of e-commerce on last-mile light goods vehicle activity in urban areas: the case of London［J］. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2018, 61: 325-338.
［26］ Yan Nina, Xu Xun, Tong Tingting. Examining consumer complaints from an on-demand service platform［J］. International Journal of Production Economics, 2021, 237: 108153.
［27］ Seghezzi A, Mangiaracina R. On-demand food delivery: investigating the economic performances［J］. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 2020, 49(4): 531-549.
［28］梁婧,张庆华,龚六堂.城市规模与劳动生产率:中国城市规模是否过小?——基于中国城市数据的研究.经济学(季刊), 2015,14(3):1053-1072.Liang Jing, Zhang Qinghua, Gong Liutang. City size and laber productivity: are chinese cities too small?［J］. China Economic Quarterly, 2015, 14(3): 1053-1072.
［29］杨俊青,陈虹.非国有企业薪酬激励能够实现劳动者、企业与社会的合作共赢吗——基于劳动生产率、盈利与吸纳劳动力视角的研究.南开管理评论,2017,20(4):165-178.Yang Junqing, Chen Hong. Can rewards incentives of non-state-owned enterprises realize co-win cooperation of workers, enterprises and the society? From the perspective of labor productivity, profit and labor absorption［J］. Nankai Business Review, 2017, 20(4): 165-178.
［30］王春超,林芊芊.恶劣天气如何影响劳动生产率?——基于快递业劳动者的适应行为研究.经济学(季刊),2021,21(3): 797-818.Wang Chunchao, Lin Qianqian. How dose bad weather affect labor producticity? Evidence from the adaptation behavior of couriers［J］. China Economic Quarterly, 2021, 21(3): 797-818.
［31］ Cramer J, Krueger A B. Disruptive change in the taxi business: the case of uber［J］. American Economic Review, 2016, 106(5): 177-82.
［32］ Handfield R B, Pannesi R T. An empirical study of delivery speed and reliability［J］. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 1992, 12(2): 58-72.
［33］ Shang Weixin, Liu Liming. Promised delivery time and capacity games in time-based competition［J］. Management Science, 2011, 57(3): 599-610.
［34］ Tronvoll B. Negative emotions and their effect on customer complaint behaviour［J］. Journal of Service Management, 2011, 22(1): 111-134.
［35］ Xu Xun, Yan Nina, Tong Tingting. Longer waiting, more cancellation? empirical evidence from an on-demand service platform［J］. Journal of Business Research, 2021, 126: 162-169.
［36］ Li Ruiyun, Pei Sen, Chen Bin, et al. Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)［J］. Science, 2020, 368(6490): 489-493.
［37］蒋和平, 杨东群, 郭超然. 新冠肺炎疫情对我国农业发展的影响与应对举措［J］. 改革, 2020(3): 5-13.Jiang Heping, Yang Dongqun, Guo Chaoran. Impact of novel coronavirus pneumonia on agricultural development in china and its countermeasures［J］. Reform, 2020(3): 5-13.umonia Epidemic［J］. Dong Yue Tribune, 2020(4): 36-44.
［38］张夏恒. 新冠肺炎疫情对我国中小微企业的影响及应对［J］. 中国流通经济, 2020, 34(3): 26-34.Zhang Xiaheng. The impact of novel coronavirus outbreak on small and micro enterprises in china and countermeasures［J］. China Business and Market, 2020, 34(3): 26-34.
［39］李明,张璿璿,赵剑治.疫情后我国积极财政政策的走向和财税体制改革任务［J］.管理世界,2020,36(4):26-34.Li Ming, Zhang Xuanxuan, Zhao Jianzhi. The active fiscal policy trend and the finance-taxation system reform in china after the epidemic［J］. Journal of Management World,2020,36(4):26-34.
［40］田颖.无接触式配送模式下智能快递柜发展优化对策［J］.物流工程与管理, 2020, 42(4): 110-112.Tian Ying. Optimization of intelligent express cabinet under contactless distribution mode［J］. Logistics Engineering and Management, 2020, 42(4): 110-112.
［41］刘娟, 唐加福, 刘江. 新冠疫情防控政策对快递业高质量发展影响的实证研究［J］. 系统工程理论与实践, 2022,42(3): 651-663.Liu Juan, Tang Jiafu, Liu Jiang. An empirical study on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control policies on the high-quality development of express delivery industry［J］. System Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2022,42(3): 651-663.
［42］ Han S, Lerner J S, Zeckhauser, R. The disgust-promotes-disposal effect［J］. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2012, 44(2): 101-113.
［43］ Mehrolia S, Alagarsamy S, Solaikutty V M. Customers response to online food delivery services during COVID-19 outbreak using binary logistic regression［J］. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 2021, 45(3): 396-408.
［44］ Lerner J S, Small D A, Loewenstein, G. Heart strings and purse strings: carryover effects of emotions on economic decisions［J］. Psychological Science, 2004, 15(5): 337-341.
［45］王一,高俊岭,陈浩,等.2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫情期间公众媒体暴露及其与心理健康的关系.复旦学报(医学版), 2020,47(2):173-178.Wang Yi, Gao Junling, Chen Hao, et al. Public media exposure and its relationship to mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic［J］. Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(2): 173-178.
［46］周磊,黄麒,魏玖长.基于组态视角的突发事件应急信息传播效果研究——以“安徽疾控”为例［J］.公共管理与政策评论, 2021,10(6):79-92.Zhou Lei, Huang Qi, Wei Jiuchang. Research on effect of emergency information communication based on configuration perspective: take WeChat official account of anhui CDC as an example［J］. Public Administration and Policy Review, 2021, 10(6): 79-92.
［47］黄楚新,朱常华.短视频在突发公共事件中的功能与作用——以新冠肺炎疫情信息传播为例［J］.视听界,2020(2):55-59.Huang Chuxin, Zhu Changhua. The function and role of short video in public emergencies: taking the information dissemination of COVID-19 as an example［J］. Broadcasting Realm, 2020(2): 55-59.
［48］ Tong Tingting, Dai Hongyan, Xiao Qin. Will dynamic pricing outperform? Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence from O2O On-Demand food service market［J］. International Journal of Production Economics, 2020, 219(C): 375-385.
［49］ Wang K, Goldfarb A. Can offline stores drive online sales?［J］. Journal of Marketing Research, 2017, 54(5): 706-719.
［50］ Fang Hanming, Wang Long, Yang Yang. Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China［J］. Journal of Public Economics, 2020, 191: 104272.
［51］ Lau H, Khosrawipour V, Kocbach P, et al. The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China［J］. Journal of travel medicine, 2020, 27(3): 1-7.