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Chinese Journal of Management Science ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 80-93.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.2045

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Open-Closed Mixed Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization of Multi-center Distribution with Time Windows

Mengyuan Gou1,2, Yong Wang1,2(), Siyu Luo1, Maozeng Xu1   

  1. 1.School of Economics and Management,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China
    2.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Logistics Intelligent Technology,Chongqing 400074,China
  • Received:2023-12-05 Revised:2024-04-07 Online:2026-10-25 Published:2026-10-09
  • Contact: Yong Wang E-mail:yongwx@cqjtu.edu.cn

Abstract:

With the substantial increasement of energy consumption in the logistics transportation industry and the scale and cluster development of urban logistics distribution networks, promoting the green transformation of the logistics and transportation industry and deepening the resource integration of urban logistics distribution networks have become the key development directions. The design of open-closed mixed vehicle routes and the application of high-efficiency, low-carbon and low-cost electric logistics vehicles in the urban multi-center distribution network are conducive to the integration of transportation resources in the logistics network, and promote the low-carbon development of the logistics industry. However, due to the widespread phenomenon of unreasonable configuration and unbalanced use for facilities in the urban multi-center logistics distribution network, electric logistics distribution vehicles face problems such as difficult charging and slow distribution time. Thus, in order to overcome the insufficiency of the multi-center electric vehicle routing optimization in combination with resource sharing and open-closed mixed routing design, an open-closed mixed electric vehicle routing problem of multi-center distribution with time windows is proposed. First, a nonlinear function is applied to calculate the mechanical power of electric vehicles by considering the factors such as air resistance, rolling resistance and gravity, and then the energy loss and driving time are combined to obtain the energy consumption calculation method of electric vehicles. Based on the calculation method and resource sharing constraints of charge stations and electric vehicles, the multi-center electric vehicle routing optimization model is constructed to minimize the total energy consumption and operating cost. Second, an improved NSGA-II hybrid algorithm based on the greedy algorithm is designed to solve the model. The hybrid algorithm divides the service period according to the customer time window characteristics, and designs the greedy algorithm based on spatial and temporal distances to generate the initial solutions, which improves the convergence speed of the hybrid algorithm. The ectopic crossover and mutation operations are proposed to realize the iterative updating of the solutions, and the charging station insertion and resource sharing strategies are designed to achieve the reasonable planning of vehicle routes. Additionally, the proposed hybrid algorithm is compared with multi-objective particle swarm optimization, multi-objective differential evolution algorithm, and multi-objective genetic algorithm. The number of Pareto solutions, hyper-volume and mean ideal distance are used as the measurement indicators to further compare and analyze, so as to comprehensively verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm. Third, combined with a multi-center electric vehicle distribution network in Chongqing city, China, the electric vehicle routing optimization scheme is studied, and the optimization results under different open-closed mixed routing designs and different cooperation modes are compared and analyzed. The research results show that compared with the open route design and the closed route design of electric vehicles, the application of the open-closed mixed route design of electric vehicles can shorten the travel distance, reduce the energy consumption and the number of used charging stations. At the same time, the resource integration of multi-center electric vehicle distribution network can effectively save total operating cost, reduce the number of electric vehicles and energy consumption. Therefore, this study can improve the efficiency of resource allocation in the multi-center electric vehicle distribution network, and then can provide theoretical support for the scheduling optimization of the urban electric vehicle distribution network and the construction of new energy city logistics networks.

Key words: multi-center distribution network of electric vehicle, open-closed mixed route, improved NSGA-II algorithm based on the greedy algorithm, resource sharing strategy, cooperation mode

CLC Number: