Chinese Journal of Management Science ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10): 80-93.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.2045
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Mengyuan Gou1,2, Yong Wang1,2(
), Siyu Luo1, Maozeng Xu1
Received:2023-12-05
Revised:2024-04-07
Online:2026-10-25
Published:2026-10-09
Contact:
Yong Wang
E-mail:yongwx@cqjtu.edu.cn
CLC Number:
Mengyuan Gou,Yong Wang,Siyu Luo, et al. Open-Closed Mixed Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization of Multi-center Distribution with Time Windows[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2026, 34(10): 80-93.
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| 变量 | 定义 |
|---|---|
| 集合 | |
| 配送中心集合, | |
| 客户点集合, | |
| 充电站集合, | |
| 配送网络中所有节点的集合, | |
| 电动运输车集合, | |
| 电动配送车集合, | |
| 服务周期集合, | |
| 服务周期 | |
| 服务周期 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 在服务周期 | |
| 参数 | |
| 电动车单位消耗量的充电费用(元/千瓦‧时) | |
| 电动车司机单位时间的服务成本(元/小时) | |
| 电动车早到惩罚成本(元/小时) | |
| 电动车晚到惩罚成本(元/小时) | |
| 电动车充电速率(千瓦/小时) | |
| 电动运输车的维护成本(元/辆) | |
| 电动配送车的维护成本(元/辆) | |
| 电动运输车y的额定电量, | |
| 电动配送车v的额定电量, | |
| 电动运输车y的最大装载量, | |
| 电动配送车v的最大装载量, | |
| 电动运输车y的自身重量, | |
| 电动配送车v的自身重量, | |
| 电动运输车y的行驶速度, | |
| 电动配送车v的行驶速度, | |
| B | 电动配送车使用数 |
| 一个无穷大的正数 | |
| 配送中心d在服务周期 | |
| 客户i在服务周期 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动运输车y在服务周期z内从配送中心d到 | |
| 电动配送车v在服务周期z内从节点i到j的总重量, | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动运输车 | |
| 电动运输车在服务周期 | |
| 电动配送车在服务周期 | |
| 电动配送车 | |
| 在服务周期 | |
| 决策变量 | |
| 若电动配送车 | |
| 若电动配送车 | |
| 若使用电动运输车 | |
| 若电动配送车 | |
| 若电动配送车 |
"
| 算例 | 基于贪婪算法的改进NSGA-II混合算法 | MOPSO | MODE | MOGA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 运营成本/元 | 电量消耗/千瓦·时 | 计算时长/秒 | 运营成 本/元 | 电量消耗/ 千瓦·时 | 计算时长/秒 | 运营成 本/元 | 电量消耗/千瓦·时 | 计算时长/秒 | 运营成 本/元 | 电量消耗/千瓦·时 | 计算时长/秒 | |
| 1 | 1752 | 339 | 226 | 1872 | 346 | 238 | 1894 | 348 | 248 | 1903 | 344 | 255 |
| 2 | 2009 | 365 | 244 | 2064 | 379 | 251 | 2107 | 382 | 269 | 2162 | 381 | 286 |
| 3 | 2294 | 446 | 279 | 2323 | 461 | 294 | 2379 | 465 | 311 | 2411 | 473 | 329 |
| 4 | 2793 | 489 | 315 | 3001 | 504 | 323 | 3012 | 508 | 337 | 3039 | 513 | 354 |
| 5 | 3341 | 555 | 345 | 3439 | 584 | 362 | 3479 | 590 | 374 | 3513 | 596 | 387 |
| 6 | 3875 | 695 | 374 | 4049 | 715 | 387 | 4077 | 714 | 398 | 4097 | 711 | 412 |
| 7 | 1879 | 368 | 239 | 1993 | 380 | 255 | 1998 | 385 | 263 | 2006 | 387 | 278 |
| 8 | 2492 | 468 | 273 | 2579 | 474 | 285 | 2607 | 480 | 292 | 2665 | 487 | 309 |
| 9 | 3489 | 578 | 332 | 3523 | 582 | 346 | 3539 | 585 | 360 | 3542 | 594 | 373 |
| 10 | 4181 | 714 | 371 | 4253 | 721 | 389 | 4259 | 720 | 405 | 4267 | 722 | 421 |
| 11 | 1754 | 340 | 219 | 1889 | 352 | 229 | 1994 | 353 | 241 | 1913 | 355 | 257 |
| 12 | 2016 | 362 | 241 | 2108 | 375 | 256 | 2135 | 380 | 267 | 2152 | 382 | 282 |
| 13 | 2273 | 422 | 274 | 2311 | 441 | 292 | 2352 | 452 | 309 | 2473 | 468 | 329 |
| 14 | 2819 | 498 | 317 | 3016 | 509 | 331 | 3015 | 517 | 344 | 3014 | 539 | 359 |
| 15 | 3402 | 581 | 352 | 3529 | 599 | 374 | 3507 | 603 | 387 | 3491 | 614 | 405 |
| 16 | 3991 | 671 | 369 | 4051 | 689 | 388 | 4060 | 688 | 401 | 4069 | 707 | 419 |
| 17 | 1918 | 347 | 235 | 2020 | 360 | 259 | 2039 | 369 | 267 | 2043 | 395 | 279 |
| 18 | 2412 | 442 | 268 | 2521 | 462 | 298 | 2600 | 470 | 315 | 2631 | 474 | 326 |
| 19 | 3573 | 609 | 335 | 3578 | 610 | 354 | 3598 | 609 | 369 | 3621 | 618 | 383 |
| 20 | 4084 | 708 | 374 | 4238 | 743 | 392 | 4211 | 756 | 413 | 4196 | 776 | 427 |
| 21 | 1769 | 326 | 238 | 1841 | 342 | 263 | 1869 | 354 | 276 | 1890 | 364 | 288 |
| 22 | 2046 | 378 | 256 | 2148 | 385 | 281 | 2159 | 390 | 298 | 2196 | 396 | 323 |
| 23 | 2153 | 402 | 281 | 2234 | 432 | 317 | 2308 | 482 | 334 | 2318 | 479 | 354 |
| 24 | 2805 | 535 | 327 | 2990 | 543 | 359 | 2940 | 559 | 385 | 2876 | 564 | 402 |
| 25 | 3358 | 590 | 359 | 3450 | 604 | 398 | 3508 | 610 | 417 | 3583 | 626 | 435 |
| 26 | 4003 | 688 | 375 | 4036 | 704 | 401 | 4089 | 719 | 423 | 4179 | 722 | 446 |
| 27 | 1935 | 344 | 241 | 2015 | 382 | 272 | 2044 | 390 | 289 | 2048 | 416 | 297 |
| 28 | 2466 | 443 | 284 | 2496 | 456 | 315 | 2500 | 469 | 326 | 2507 | 489 | 341 |
| 29 | 3604 | 615 | 342 | 3682 | 619 | 378 | 3697 | 620 | 394 | 3714 | 629 | 415 |
| 30 | 4124 | 706 | 377 | 4196 | 730 | 403 | 4197 | 745 | 420 | 4198 | 749 | 439 |
| 平均值 | 2820 | 501 | 302 | 2915 | 516 | 323 | 2939 | 524 | 338 | 2957 | 532 | 354 |
| t-检验 | -10.0 | -12.5 | -13.4 | |||||||||
| p值 | 3.3E-11 | 1.7E-13 | 2.9E-14 | |||||||||
"
| 算例 | 基于贪婪算法的改进 NSGA-II混合算法 | MOPSO | MODE | MOGA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 帕累托解数量 | 超体积 | 平均理想距离 | 帕累托解数量 | 超体积 | 平均理想距离 | 帕累托解数量 | 超体积 | 平均理想距离 | 帕累托解数量 | 超体积 | 平均理想距离 | |
| 1 | 10 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 10 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 9 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 9 | 0.80 | 0.98 |
| 2 | 11 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 10 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 10 | 0.77 | 0.88 | 9 | 0.74 | 0.98 |
| 3 | 9 | 0.97 | 0.79 | 9 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 8 | 0.82 | 1.09 | 8 | 0.81 | 1.11 |
| 4 | 10 | 0.74 | 0.90 | 9 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 9 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 9 | 0.76 | 0.98 |
| 5 | 7 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 7 | 0.88 | 1.24 | 6 | 0.84 | 1.31 | 7 | 0.79 | 1.26 |
| 6 | 8 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 8 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 8 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 7 | 0.85 | 1.26 |
| 7 | 9 | 1.08 | 0.71 | 9 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 8 | 0.91 | 1.09 | 8 | 0.87 | 1.11 |
| 8 | 11 | 1.01 | 0.73 | 9 | 0.89 | 0.96 | 9 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 9 | 0.76 | 0.98 |
| 9 | 10 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 10 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 10 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 10 | 0.77 | 0.89 |
| 10 | 10 | 1.03 | 0.84 | 9 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 9 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 9 | 0.84 | 0.98 |
| 11 | 9 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 9 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 9 | 0.75 | 0.97 | 9 | 0.73 | 0.98 |
| 12 | 8 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 8 | 0.71 | 1.09 | 8 | 0.67 | 1.09 | 8 | 0.65 | 1.11 |
| 13 | 7 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 7 | 0.85 | 1.24 | 7 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 7 | 0.76 | 1.26 |
| 14 | 10 | 0.82 | 0.94 | 10 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 10 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 10 | 0.73 | 0.89 |
| 15 | 11 | 1.14 | 0.69 | 9 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 10 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 9 | 0.89 | 0.98 |
| 平均值 | 9.33 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 8.87 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 8.67 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 8.53 | 0.78 | 1.05 |
"
| 场景 | 交叉概率(Pc ) | 变异概率(Pm ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 取值 | 运营成本/元 | 标准差 | 取值 | 运营成本/元 | 标准差 | |
| 1 | 0.1 | 5375 | 12 | 0.06 | 5184 | 9 |
| 2 | 0.2 | 5219 | 9 | 0.07 | 5270 | 11 |
| 3 | 0.3 | 5179 | 7 | 0.08 | 5193 | 10 |
| 4 | 0.4 | 5185 | 8 | 0.09 | 5085 | 8 |
| 5 | 0.5 | 5202 | 9 | 0.10 | 5162 | 5 |
| 6 | 0.6 | 5234 | 10 | 0.11 | 5206 | 6 |
| 7 | 0.7 | 5108 | 4 | 0.12 | 5143 | 4 |
| 8 | 0.8 | 5091 | 2 | 0.13 | 5159 | 5 |
| 9 | 0.9 | 4988 | 1 | 0.14 | 5208 | 6 |
| 10 | 1.0 | 5098 | 3 | 0.15 | 5314 | 12 |
| 11 | 1.1 | 5153 | 7 | 0.16 | 5281 | 10 |
| 12 | 1.2 | 5194 | 8 | 0.17 | 5177 | 6 |
| 13 | 1.3 | 5283 | 10 | 0.18 | 5135 | 5 |
| 14 | 1.4 | 5295 | 10 | 0.19 | 5123 | 4 |
| 15 | 1.5 | 5351 | 13 | 0.20 | 4988 | 2 |
| 16 | 1.6 | 4997 | 5 | 0.21 | 5131 | 3 |
| 17 | 1.7 | 5174 | 6 | 0.22 | 5245 | 10 |
| 18 | 1.8 | 5222 | 8 | 0.23 | 5218 | 9 |
| 19 | 1.9 | 5086 | 5 | 0.24 | 5232 | 10 |
| 20 | 2.0 | 5379 | 11 | 0.25 | 5275 | 10 |
"
| 符号 | 定义 | 参数值 |
|---|---|---|
| 电动车早到惩罚成本(元/小时) | 15 | |
| 电动车晚到惩罚成本(元/小时) | 20 | |
| 电动运输车的维护成本(元/辆) | 120 | |
| 电动配送车的维护成本(元/辆) | 100 | |
| 电动运输车的最大装载量(千克) | 2000 | |
| 电动配送车的最大装载量(千克) | 700 | |
| 电动运输车的行驶速度(千米/小时) | 35 | |
| 电动配送车的行驶速度(千米/小时) | 40 | |
| 电动车单位消耗量的充电费用(元/千瓦‧时) | 1.9 | |
| 电动车司机的单位时间服务成本(元/小时) | 20 | |
| A | 电动车的正面迎风面积(平方米) | 4.73 |
| ρ | 空气密度(千克/立方米) | 1.204 |
| 电动引擎的放电效率 | 0.7 | |
| 电动引擎的能量转化效率 | 0.8 | |
| cd | 空气阻力系数 | 0.7 |
| cr | 滚动阻力系数 | 0.01 |
| a | 电动车加速度(米/平方秒) | 0 |
| g | 重力加速度(米/平方秒) | 9.8 |
| α | 道路坡度 | 0 |
| gmax | 最大外部循环次数 | 200 |
| Run | 最大内部循环次数 | 50 |
| popsize | 种群规模 | 100 |
"
配送 车辆 | 使用的 充电站 | 起点 | 终点 | 配送路径 | 服务周期 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV1#& | EC7# EC9 -- | DC2 DC2 DC1 | DC2 DC1 DC1 | DC2→C7→C27→C18→C60→EC7→C58→C6→DC2 DC2→C92→C8→C31→C38→C16→EC9→C28→C130→C30→DC1 DC1→C132→C121→C1→DC1 | 300-580 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV2#& | EC7# EC5& -- | DC2 DC2 DC3 | DC2 DC3 DC3 | DC2→C40→C41→C43→C64→EC7→C36→DC2 DC2→C33→C93→C53→EC5→C105→C127→C23→C13→DC3 DC3→C45→C48→C51→C97→C96→DC3 | 300-580 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV3#& | -- EC1# EC10#& | DC3 DC3 DC4 | DC3 DC4 DC4 | DC3→C99→C47→C49→C50→C73→DC3 DC3→C77→C75→C52→EC1→C128→C79→C134→DC4 DC4→C82→C83→C56→C21→EC10→C115→C90→DC4 | 300-580 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV4& | -- EC4& | DC2 DC1 | DC1 DC1 | DC2→C32→C61→C94→C131→DC1 DC1→C17→C35→C113→C67→C95→EC4→C68→C29→DC1 | 300-580 840-1140 |
| EV5# | -- EC5& | DC4 DC4 | DC4 DC2 | DC4→C84→C25→C125→C66→DC4 DC4→C126→C20→C59→EC5→C39→C55→DC2 | 300-580 840-1140 |
| EV6& | EC4& EC10#& | DC4 DC1 | DC1 DC1 | DC4→C88→C85→C108→C107→C4→EC4→C117→DC1 DC1→C118→C19→C110→C111→EC10→C109→C133→DC1 | 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV7# | -- E11#& | DC2 DC2 | DC2 DC2 | DC2→C5→C26→C63→DC2 DC2→C69→C11→EC11→C135→C98→C65→C44→DC2 | 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV8& | -- EC10#& | DC3 DC4 | DC4 DC4 | DC3→C22→C81→C101→C102→DC4 DC4→C114→C112→C10→EC10→C71→C9→C86→C116→DC4 | 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV9# | EC11#& EC11#& | DC3 DC3 | DC3 DC3 | DC3→C70→C57→C54→C42→EC11→C100→C62→DC3 DC3→C37→C103→C104→EC11→C24→C46→DC3 | 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV10& | EC1# EC8 | DC3 DC4 | DC4 DC4 | DC3→C76→C2→C74→C129→EC1→C80→C14→C12→DC4 DC4→C89→C78→C72→C122→C124→EC8→C87→C123→DC4 | 580-840 840-1140 |
| EV11 | EC6 | DC1 | DC1 | DC1→C3→C106→C120→C15→C119→EC6→C91→C34→DC1 | 840-1140 |
"
| 序号 | 合作模式 | 优化前 | 优化后 | 差值 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 运营成本/元 | 电动配送车使用 数/辆 | 电量消耗/千瓦·时 | 运营成本/元 | 电动配送车使用数/辆 | 电量消耗/千瓦·时 | 运营成本/元 | 电动配送车使用数/辆 | 电量消耗 /千瓦·时 | |||
| 1 | {DC1, DC2} | 4911 | 13 | 571 | 3978 | 8 | 456 | 933 | 5 | 115 | |
| 2 | {DC1, DC3} | 5017 | 15 | 636 | 4022 | 9 | 512 | 995 | 6 | 124 | |
| 3 | {DC1, DC4} | 4879 | 12 | 556 | 4037 | 7 | 434 | 842 | 5 | 122 | |
| 4 | {DC2, DC3} | 5008 | 14 | 617 | 3985 | 8 | 498 | 1023 | 6 | 119 | |
| 5 | {DC2, DC4} | 4870 | 11 | 537 | 4106 | 6 | 441 | 764 | 5 | 96 | |
| 6 | {DC3, DC4} | 4976 | 13 | 602 | 4198 | 7 | 476 | 778 | 6 | 126 | |
| 7 | {DC1, DC2, DC3} | 7468 | 21 | 912 | 4431 | 10 | 682 | 3037 | 11 | 230 | |
| 8 | {DC1, DC2, DC4} | 7330 | 18 | 832 | 4396 | 9 | 644 | 2934 | 9 | 188 | |
| 9 | {DC1, DC3, DC4} | 7436 | 20 | 897 | 4518 | 10 | 706 | 2918 | 10 | 191 | |
| 10 | {DC2, DC3, DC4} | 7427 | 19 | 878 | 4556 | 9 | 689 | 2871 | 10 | 189 | |
| 11 | {DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4} | 9887 | 26 | 1173 | 4988 | 11 | 814 | 4899 | 15 | 359 | |
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