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中国管理科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 214-225.doi: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.1103cstr: 32146.14.j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.1103

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考虑非线性能耗的时间依赖型电动车辆路径模型及改进的鲸鱼优化算法

周鲜成1,2, 李松明3, 王莉1(), 周开军1,2, 吕阳1   

  1. 1.湖南工商大学智能工程与智能制造学院,湖南 长沙 410205
    2.湖南省湘江实验室,湖南 长沙 410205
    3.湖南工商大学前沿交叉学院,湖南 长沙 410205
  • 收稿日期:2023-06-29 修回日期:2024-01-15 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-03-06
  • 通讯作者: 王莉 E-mail:58247336@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(71972069);湖南省高校物流系统优化与运作管理科技创新团队项目(湘教通[2019]379号)

Research on Time Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Model with Nonlinear Energy Consumption and an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm

Xiancheng Zhou1,2, Songming Li3, Li Wang1(), Kaijun Zhou1,2, Yang Lv1   

  1. 1.School of Intelligent Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing,Hunan University of Technology and Business,Changsha 410205,China
    2.Xiangjiang Laboratory,Hunan Province,Changsha 410205,China
    3.School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,Hunan University of Technology and Business,Changsha 410205,China
  • Received:2023-06-29 Revised:2024-01-15 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2026-03-06
  • Contact: Li Wang E-mail:58247336@qq.com

摘要:

随着绿色物流配送的兴起,电动车辆路径问题已成为学术热点。首先,考虑车辆时变速度和实时载重等因素对电动汽车能耗的影响,采用非线性能耗模型测度能耗;其次,考虑时变速度对充电量的影响,建立基于时变速度的部分充电策略模型;然后,分析交通状况的时变特性,提出基于路段划分的车辆行驶时间计算方法。在此基础上,以能耗成本、充电时间成本、电动汽车使用时间成本和固定发车费用构成的总成本最小作为优化目标,构建考虑非线性能耗的时间依赖型电动车辆路径模型;针对模型特点,设计了改进的鲸鱼优化算法。算例仿真结果表明,构建的模型和提出的算法能科学规划车辆路径,有效规避交通拥堵时间段,缩短充电时间,降低物流配送总成本和能耗,促进物流配送企业的节能减排。

关键词: 电动车辆路径问题, 非线性能耗, 时间依赖型, 改进的鲸鱼优化算法

Abstract:

In recent years, Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been widely spread and used in logistic distribution. Due to the fact that EV route planning is directed associated with time-varying properties of energy consumption and traffic conditions, the Time Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Nonlinear Energy Consumption (TDEVRPNEC) deserves deeper study. The TDEVRPNEC discussed in this paper involves set constraints, including (1) distribution center locations, (2) a homogeneous EV fleet, (3) customers' number, locations, needs, time windows, and (4) time-varying speeds on several time sections. The optimal plan is expected to realize the goal of total cost minimization under the premise of satisfying customer' expectations, i.e., needs and time windows, by means of reasonable departure time choice, optimal charging strategy and vehicle routing optimization. Specifically, the total cost includes energy consumption cost, charging time cost, usage-based time cost and fixed dispatch cost. In the design, a specific energy consumption rate function is firstly applied to calculate total rate of energy consumption during trips. And then, a partial charging strategy is proposed with special consideration of the influence of time-varying speed on charging capacity. Based on the fact of time-varying traffic conditions on different road sections, a road segment-based vehicle travel time calculation method is proposed. Finally, a TDEVRPNEC optimization model is constructed. In order to solve the TDEVRPNEC model, an Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (IWOA) is designed. The basic idea of the algorithm can be described as follows. (1) The crossover techniques in genetic algorithm is introduced to derive a refined position updating formula in the whale optimization algorithm, with application to the solution of discrete problems. (2) The greedy algorithm is used to construct initial solution for shortening the computing time of optimization. (3) The scheduling of vehicle departure times is proposed to avoid traffic congestion. (4) A very important place for the design of operators, i.e. reversal operator, energy exchange operator and charging station insertion operator, is provided to expand the solution space, avoid local optima and improve global search capability. Experimental simulation results show the following. From a perspective of model, the TDEVRPNEC model is verified to achieve multi-objective balancing among logistics cost, energy consumption, and travel time. From a perspective of strategy, the partial charging strategy is tested effective to shorten charging time, save logistics cost and reduce the energy consumption; the scheduling of vehicle departure times can contribute to traffic congestion avoidance and high logistics efficiency. From a perspective of algorithm, the proposed IWOA is confirmed to achieve fast convergence, better generalizability and optimality-seeking ability.

Key words: EVRP, nonlinear energy consumption, time dependent, IWOA

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