为了揭示生鲜农产品在流通中质量与数量损耗的变化规律，分析"双重损耗"对冷链库存的影响，针对配送中心与零售商组成的两级冷链系统，引入保鲜努力与时间因素对生鲜农产品的数量与质量损耗进行刻画，尤其突显了二者间的关联性及其合理性，需求上综合考虑了价格与新鲜度的影响，以供应链总平均利润最大化为目标函数，建立了二级冷链一体化库存模型，并对系统最佳的保鲜投入、库存及定价进行了规划求解。随后，以某连锁超市销售的鲜切果蔬为例进行仿真，验证了模型的有效性。最后，灵敏度分析发现，一方面，系统利润会随着新鲜度时间敏感性的降低与保鲜努力敏感性的增加而增加，且时间敏感因子更容易左右系统利润的变化。另一方面，并非所有的生鲜农产品都适用打折促销。考虑商品"双重损耗"所做的库存与定价的优化分析不仅为生鲜农产品冷链的理论研究提供了新思路，也为冷链运作实践提供了更为可靠、更为有效的决策参考。
Pricing and inventory control of deteriorating items have been the focus of cold chain control. In recent years, with the abundance of literature on pricing and inventory policy, more and more scholars start to research the joint pricing and replenishing policy for deteriorating inventory. However, most of them are with a view to retailers' policy rather than to a cold chain system, let alone the joint decision on inventory and pricing of an integrated cold chain. Moreover, deterioration in the previous researches is merely defined as the quantity loss of perishable products, which does not conform to all of the reality.
In real life, the deterioration of fresh agri-products not only means the decrease in the quantity/number, but also means the decrease in the quality, which is called "double loss". Therefore, "double loss" should be involved to explore the effects on joint pricing and replenishing policy in the integrated cold chain.
Firstly, the relations of quantity loss rate with freshness is built, where freshness is the function of preservation efforts and time. Meanwhile, the demand rate is considered as the function of both freshness and price. All the functions are justified.
Secondly, an integrated two-echelon cold chain inventory model composed of one distribution center (DC) and a retailer is proposed, where DC is both a distributor and a logistics service provider. It takes the maximum system profit per unit time as the basis of decision making to analyze the effects of freshness on the cold chain profit preferably. A genetic algorithm is employed to find the optimal preservation technology, the optimal replenishment strategy and the optimal pricing.
At last, as a simulation example, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables sold in a supermarket are analyzed to demonstrate the feasibility of the model. Through the sensitivity analysis, it is found that the decrease of the time sensitive coefficient or the increase of the freshness-keeping sensitive coefficient would result in the increase of system profit, and the time sensitive coefficient is more likely to change system profitability. However, not all fresh agri-products are adaptable to discount promotion.
The research of the "double loss" on the effect of joint pricing and replenishing policy in the integrated cold chain provides a new idea for the study of fresh agri-products. The optimized model and analysis result also provide references for cold chain operation.
The proposed model can be extended in multiple products and in coordination of the integrated cold chain system.
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