The development of modern science and technology improves efficiency and shortens product cycle. At the same time, however it brings about the uncertainty and increased risk of supply chain. In recent years, researches on the uncertainty of supply chain output and demand are gradually concerned by scholars. But the researches were conducted usually under the assumption of the neutrality of a risk without consideration of the influence of risk preference on decision makers. In reality, decision makers usually show the characteristics of risk preference. In the paper, a three-echelon supply chain system is discussed, which consists of single supplier, manufacturer and retailer with risk aversion under yield and demand uncertain conditions. The optimal decision models of supply chain system are established under the mechanism of centralization and decentralization. The combined contract is applied to coordinate the three-echelon supply chain system mentioned above. Contract mechanism is the common method used in supply chain coordination. A risk-sharing contract and a GL contract are introduced to coordinate supply chain against the deficiencies brought about by the use of single contract to coordinate the three-echelon supply chain. The GL contract is the improved profit-sharing contract, including both gains and losses of supply chain members. The contract mechanism is described as follows:①the GL contract is applied between manufacturers and retailers, with a parameter(β,γ).β is manufacturers' profit sharing proportion to retailers, and γis sharing proportion of manufacturers' losses to retailers. The profit proportion of retailers is (1-β), and the loss proportion is (1-γ). ②the risk-sharing contract is applied between suppliers and manufacturers. The following conclusions are achieved by the analysis of the number example. First, the expected profit of supply chain decreases with the increase of demand uncertainty(λ). Second, the expected profit of supply chain increases with the increase of random output factor(σ)of manufacturers and suppliers. Finally, the expected profit of retailers decreases with the increase of degree of risk aversion. The order quality of retailers changes with the increase of risk aversion. The validity of models and contract coordination is illustrated by a numerical example.
ZHU Bao-lin, CUI Shi-xu, JI Shou-feng, QIU Ruo-zhen
. Combined Contract Model of Three-echelon Supply Chain Based on Risk Aversion of Retailer under Yield and Demand Uncertainties Condition[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2018
, 26(11)
: 114
-123
.
DOI: 10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2018.11.012
[1] Chung C H, Wu Chenghan. Capacity allocation, ordering, and pricing decisions in a supply chain with demand and supply uncertainties[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2008, 184(2):667-684.
[2] Mehmet A. Begena N, Hubert P, et al. Supply and demand uncertainty reduction efforts and cost comparison[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2016, 180:125-134.
[3] Hu Fei, Cheng C L,Lu Zudi. Coordination of supply chains with aflexible ordering policy under yield and demand uncertainty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2013, 146:686-693.
[4] Keren B.The single-period inventory problem:Extension to random yield from the perspective of the supply chain[J]. Omega:The international journal of management science, 2009, 37(4):801-810.
[5] Li Jian,Wang Shouyang, Cheng TCE. Competition and cooperation in a single-retailer two-supplier supply chain with supply disruption[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2010, 124(1):137-150.
[6] Li Xiang, Li Yongjian, Cai Xiaoqiang. Double marginalization and coordination in the supply chain with uncertain supply[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2013, 226(2):228-236.
[7] 赵霞, 吴方卫, 蔡荣. 随机产出与需求下二级供应链协调合同研究[J]. 管理科学学报, 2014, 17(8):34-47.
[8] 朱宝琳, 戚亚萍, 戢守峰, 等. 产出和需求不确定下三级供应链契约协调模型[J]. 控制与决策, 2016, 31(12):2211-2218.
[9] 杨磊, 王明征, 李文立. 两种带有能力约束的报童风险模型最优策略[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2008, 28(04):35-42.
[10] Ozgun C D,Chen Youhua, Li Jianbin. Customer and retailer rebates under risk aversion[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2011, 133(2):736-750.
[11] Ma Lijun, Liu Fangmei, Li Sijie,et al. Channel bargaining with risk-averse retailer[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2012, 139(1):155-167.
[12] Huynh C H, Pan Wenting. Operational strategies for supplier andretailer with risk preference under VMI contract[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2015, 169:413-421.
[13] Chen Xu, Hao Gang, Li Ling. Channel coordination with a loss-averse retailerand option contracts[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2014, 150:52-57.
[14] Chung C H, Lu Yuting. Manufacturer's return policy in a two-stage supply chain with two risk-averse retailers and random demand[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2010, 207(1):514-523.
[15] Xiao Tiaojun, Xu Tiantian. Pricing and product line strategy in a supply chain with risk-averse players[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2014, 156:305-315.
[16] 代建生,秦开大. 具有风险规避销售商的供应链最优回购契约[J]. 中国管理科学, 2016, 24(7):72-81.
[17] Hu Benyong, Meng Chao, Xu Dong, et al. Three-echelon supply chain coordination with a loss-averse retailer and revenue sharing contracts[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2016, 179:192-202.
[18] 高佳, 王旭. 供需同时不确定关系型供应链契约设计与决策[J]. 中国管理科学, 2016, 24(12):127-138
[19] Xu Guangye, Dan Bin, Zhang Xumei, et al. Coordinating a dual-channel supply chain with risk-averse under a two-way revenue sharing contract[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2014, 147:171-179.
[20] Kannan G, Maria N P. Reverse supply chain coordination by revenue sharing contract:A case for the personal computers industry[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2014, 233(2):326-336.
[21] Hsueh CF. Improving corporate social responsibility in a supply chain through a new revenue sharing contract[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2014, 151:214-222.
[22] Fernando S O, Carlos R, Antonio J. C. Contract design and supply chain coordination in the electricity industry[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2013, 227(3):527-537.
[23] He Yong, Zhao Xuan. Coordination in multi-echelon supply chain under supply and demand uncertainty[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2012, 139(1):106-115.
[24] Wang C X, Webster S. Channel coordination for a supply chain with a risk-neutral manufacturer and a loss-averse retailer[J]. Decision Science, 2007, 38(3):361-389.
[25] Jennifer K R, Daewon S, Zhao Xuying. Coordinating a supply chain with a manufacturer-owned online channel:A dual channel model under price competition[J], IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2013, 60(2):247-259.
