互联网平台经济（Platform Economy）正颠覆传统企业商业模式，众包供应链（Crowdsourcing Supply Chain，CSC）作为一种新型的"互联网平台+设计创新"供应链，也正成为人们关注和研究的热点。本文在订单定制设计模式（Engineering to Order，ETO）的基础上，将定制设计和订单生产两环节相结合，并以交货期为驱动，按常规生产时间和加班生产时间来优化生产流程。在此框架下，建立了线下（Offline）自行定制设计的供应链生产模型；接着结合互联网众包平台的特点，以及众包线上（Online）和线下（Offline）的互补性，将众包线上定制设计环节有机嵌入融合到线下自行定制设计供应链中，以此优化和构建出基于众包的线上线下混合定制设计的供应链生产决策模型，设计出众包线上定制设计和线下定制设计动态切换条件；并通过粒子群算法（Particle Swarm Optimization，PSO）对上述模型进行求解；最后通过实例进行分析，发现定制订单数量不多时，线上线下混合定制设计对成本的降低不是很显著，但随着订单数量越多，线上线下混合定制设计优势将显著变化，并且具有一定程度的抗风险性；通过这个转换点也发现，众包定制设计的订单生产最好安排在期初和期末，众包线上定制设计订单应尽可能减少挤占线下自行设计的常规生产时间，而应转向在加班时间生产更为经济；同时，通过增加对众包设计者的设计报酬，发现不仅对整个供应链的成本影响不大，反而对众包设计者形成较大激励作用，进一步证明该模式的可行性和实用性。
Innovation is becoming a top priority for many firms with the aim to catering for customers' preferences. Hence, more and more firms are exploring new ways to improve their innovation competencies. The ‘crowdsourcing online design’ mode has been viewed as an effective and efficient tool to aid firms to enhance their strength in designing innovation, and it is a belief that this kind of online initiative can be supplementary to offline design and sharp the edge of firms' competition. However, to our best knowledge, the problem of how to seamlessly align upstream online crowdsourcing design with downstream production, in the scenario of supply chain, is still unaddressed. To solve this problem, a crowdsourcing supply chain consists of an offline designing firm, multiple online designers, a supplier and a manufacturer is studied to maximize the overall profit of the hybrid on/offline system, using mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) approach.
The main work in this paper includes four parts. First, a stylized framework in which crowdsourcing supply chain is driven by order due-date and scheduled on regular time and overtime in the presence of Engineering to order (ETO) is proposed. Second, in this framework, a supply chain production model with ETO is formulated by taking into account that characteristics of offline customized design, and the determinants are identified is extended while implementing offline design/production system. Third, the above model to the hybrid on/offline model of crowdsourcing supply chain, and the impact of due-date and crowdsourcees on production operation is analyzed, and the switching conditions are devised for on/offline design. Finally, the particle swarm algorithm is employed to solve the above models. Through the numerical study the influence of design allocation between, online and offline, regular time and overtime, on the crowdsourcing supply chain profit, are explored respectively. Further, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the critical parameters for positing and controlling the potential risks.
The results show that, when the upcoming order is in a small quantity, through hybrid on/offline customized design does not obviously and significantly reduce cost of crowdsourcing supply chain, whereas the advantage of cost-saving and risk-mitigating in crowdsourcing supply chain can be obtained with the increase in the number of order. Moreover, it also reveals that for online design order, it had better arrange at the beginning and end of periods. Meanwhile, online design orders should be avoided to allocate to produce at the regular time once scheduled for offline design, instead, it is more profitable to produce at the overtime. In addition, it is interesting to find that, by giving more reward to crowdsourcees, there is little effect on the change in entire supply chain cost, on the contrary, the incentives encourage more crowdsources to engage in crowdsourcing online design.
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