考虑学习效应的零售商战略库存决策研究

doi:10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2022.2797

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

制造商生产制造过程中存在学习效应，零售商为了推动制造商的学习行为并提高自身未来议价能力，在第一周期持有战略库存。本文构建由制造商作为领导者，零售商作为追随者组成的两周期Stackelberg博弈模型，分析学习速率与战略库存等关键因素对供应链成员决策和利润的影响。研究结果表明：存在学习效应的供应链中，对于合理的库存持有成本，零售商均会持有战略库存，但只有当库存持有成本较小时，零售商及供应链才能从其战略库存行为中获益。学习效应与战略库存的跨期效应使得零售商牺牲第一周期利润以保证总利润最大化。此外，学习速率与库存持有成本同时较小时，制造商会提升第一周期批发价格以阻碍零售商持有战略库存；学习速率或库存持有成本较大时，制造商才会降低第一周期批发价格，促进零售商持有战略库存。随着学习效应的增强，供应链及其成员利润均增加。

关键词: 学习效应, 战略库存, 动态定价, 库存持有成本

Abstract:

The learning effect refers to the phenomenon where production costs decrease with time as a result of repeated and accumulated production activities. Considering the significant role of production quantity on the learning effect， the additional products in the supply chain may be ordered or produced--which are known as strategic inventory. In order to accumulate production experience， the manufacturer may reduce the wholesale price to stimulate the retailer to order more and the retailer may hold the strategic inventory， moreover， to bargain with the manufacturer in the future. Therefore， it is necessary to study the retailer’s strategic inventory behavior in a supply chain with learning effect， which raises the following questions： What are the firms’ strategic inventory holding and order decisions under the existence of the learning effect？ How do the learning rate and strategic inventory affect the equilibrium decisions and profits of supply chain members？ Does the learning effect change the role of strategic inventory？To address these questions， a two-period Stackelberg game supply chain model consisting of a manufacturer with learning effect as the leader and a retailer who may strategically hold inventory as the follower is established. The trend of the firm’s prices and profits is explored over time. It also investigates how strategic inventory and the learning effect affect decisions and profits. The profits of the firms with strategic inventory and those without strategic inventory has been compared， and the impacts of the learning effect on strategic inventory are examined.By examining the impact of key factors such as the learning effect and the strategic inventory on the supply chain equilibrium decisions， it is observed that the retailer holds strategic inventory when the inventory holding cost is reasonable. However， the retailer can only benefit from his own strategic inventory behavior only when the inventory holding cost is low， and the retailer adopts a loss strategy in the first period to maximize the overall profit. The enhancement of the learning effect hampers the retailer's strategic inventory when both the learning rate and inventory holding cost are low. These conclusions can provide theoretical guidance for the future research on strategic inventory and learning effects. Furthermore， firms can also gain practical experience from our study.

Key words: cost learning effect, strategic inventory, dynamic pricing, inventory holding cost

中图分类号:

F274

陆芬,吕婉琪,吴小畅, 等. 考虑学习效应的零售商战略库存决策研究[J]. 中国管理科学, 2025, 33(12): 328-336.

Fen Lu,Wanqi Lv,Xiaochang Wu, et al. Strategic Inventory Decisions of a Retailer in a Supply Chain with Learning Effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2025, 33(12): 328-336.

图/表 5

图1

图2

表1

符号说明"

符号	说明
$i = 1,2$	周期
$λ$	生产单位产品的学习速率
$a$	最大市场出清价格
$b$	消费者对市场价格的敏感系数
$c i$	制造商第 $i$ 周期的单位生产成本
$h$	单位库存持有成本
$I$	零售商的战略库存水平
$P i$	第 $i$ 周期的市场价格
$Q i$	第 $i$ 周期的生产量
$q r i$	第 $i$ 周期的零售量
$w i$	第 $i$ 周期的批发价格
$Π r i$	零售商第 $i$ 周期的利润
$Π r$	零售商两周期的总利润
$Π m i$	制造商第 $i$ 周期的利润
$Π m$	制造商两周期的总利润
$Π s c$	渠道两周期的总利润

表1

图3

图4

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